Elie Weisels Night :: essays research papers

Elie Weisels NightIn the book Night, Elie Wiesel, the Author, and his family go through a system of horrible Concentration camps, or labor camps, where they were killed.It wholly starts when the practice of law make all the Jews stars of David For their safety . Then, all of their valuables are taken. afterwards that, they all have to move to ghettos. There were two ghettos, a large and a small, in different parts of town, and in different shapes. Elie and his family had to go to the bouffant one. Then they went to the small ghetto. Every day, some of the Jews have to leave, after forming ranks. They then travel to the temple to wait for the train. After beingness in the synagogue for a day, they march to the train. When they get there, Hungarian police put 80 people in a train car meant for only 30. After a pertinacious trip on the train, they arrive at Auschwitz, a brutal labor camp. Then, the SS (Nazi Police) order everyone extinct of the cars, leaving their stuff behind. A fter that, Elie and his Father were separated from his have and sister, and Elie never saw his mother and his sister again. He did this because a man told him to say he was 18, so he wouldnt be killed. After the selection, all the men had take off the clothes and had to shave and take a dip in gasoline to disinfect them. Then, Dr. Mengele went around check them people for all diseases. All of the people who survived that, including Elie and his Dad had to get tattooed with a number, so they could see who to send turn up in the shipments, and who to kill. After that, they went to a room with clothes for them to wear, a sort of uniform. Then, they were assigned blocks, in which they would spend the nights. Then, the block leaders told them how the camp worked, and what they would be doing for work. They would be counting parts for radios for the Germans. This happened for a couple months, during which they got 25 strokes of a whip for finding an officer with a girl naked. Then, Eli e found himself with an inflamed foot and had to go to the hospital building. Once there, he heard about being killed if you were sick for too long.Elie Weisels Night essays research papersElie Weisels NightIn the book Night, Elie Wiesel, the Author, and his family go through a system of horrible Concentration camps, or labor camps, where they were killed.It all starts when the police make all the Jews stars of David For their safety . Then, all of their valuables are taken. After that, they all have to move to ghettos. There were two ghettos, a large and a small, in different parts of town, and in different shapes. Elie and his family had to go to the big one. Then they went to the small ghetto. Every day, some of the Jews have to leave, after forming ranks. They then travel to the synagogue to wait for the train. After being in the synagogue for a day, they march to the train. When they get there, Hungarian police put 80 people in a train car meant for only 30. After a long tri p on the train, they arrive at Auschwitz, a brutal labor camp. Then, the SS (Nazi Police) order everyone out of the cars, leaving their stuff behind. After that, Elie and his Father were separated from his mother and sister, and Elie never saw his mother and his sister again. He did this because a man told him to say he was 18, so he wouldnt be killed. After the selection, all the men had take off the clothes and had to shave and take a dip in gasoline to disinfect them. Then, Dr. Mengele went around check them people for any diseases. All of the people who survived that, including Elie and his Dad had to get tattooed with a number, so they could see who to send out in the shipments, and who to kill. After that, they went to a room with clothes for them to wear, a sort of uniform. Then, they were assigned blocks, in which they would spend the nights. Then, the block leaders told them how the camp worked, and what they would be doing for work. They would be counting parts for radios for the Germans. This happened for a couple months, during which they got 25 strokes of a whip for finding an officer with a girl naked. Then, Elie found himself with an inflamed foot and had to go to the hospital building. Once there, he heard about being killed if you were sick for too long.

Neonates and Birth :: Pregnancy Health Neonatal Essays

Neonates and BirthNeonates have no psychology. If operated upon, for instance, they are not supposed to show signs of trauma later on in life. Birth, according to this school of concept is of no psychological consequence to the newborn baby. It is immeasurably more important to his primary caregiver (mother) and to her supporters (read father and other members of the family). It is through them that the baby is, supposedly, effected. This effect is lucid in his (I will use the male form only for conveniences sake) ability to bond. The late Karl Sagan professed to possess the diametrically opposed view when he compared the process of cobblers last to that of being born. He was commenting upon the numerous testimonies of people brought back to life following their confirmed, clinical death. Most of them shared an experience of traversing a dark tunnel. A combining of soft light and soothing voices and the figures of their deceased nearest and dearest awaited them at the end of this tunnel. All those who experienced it described the light as the revelation of an omnipotent, benevolent being. The tunnel - suggested Sagan - is a rendition of the mothers tract. The process of birth involves gradual exposure to light and to the figures of humans. Clinical death experiences only recreate birth experiences. The uterus is a self-contained though open (not self-sufficient) ecosystem. The Babys satellite is spatially confined, almost devoid of light and homeostatic. The fetus breathes liquid oxygen, rather than the gaseous variant. He is subjected to an staring(a) barrage of noises, most of them rhythmical. Otherwise, there are very few stimuli to elicit any of his fixed action responses. at that place, dependent and protected, his world lacks the most evident features of ours. There are no dimensions where there is no light. There is no inside and outside, self and others, extension and main body, here and there. Our Planet is exactly converse. There could be no gr eater disparity. In this sense - and it is not a restricted sense at all - the baby is an alien. He has to train himself and to learn to become human. Kittens, whose eyes were tied immediately after birth - could not see straight lines and kept tumbling over tightly strung cords. Even sense data involve some modicum and modes of conceptualization (see Appendix 5 - The Manifold of Sense). Even lower animals (worms) avoid god-awful corners in mazes in the wake of nasty experiences.

Music on the Internet and Copyright Infringement :: Web Music Industry Essays

AbstractMillions of subprogramrs worldwide use online load trade inping services, in outrank to download free music. Record companies, needless(prenominal) to say, are not very happy about this, neither are many musicians. This paper presents the historical and healthy background of this subject. Then, it discusses the morality of such free music services, based on two major ethical theories consequentialism and contractianism.IntroductionThe Audio Home Recording turning (AHRA) 1, states No action may be brought under this title alleging misdemeanor of copyright based on the manufacture, importation, or distribution of a digital phone recording device, a digital audio recording medium, an analog recording device, or an analog recording medium, or based on the noncommercial use by a consumer of such a device or medium for making digital musical recordings or analog musical recordings.The above indicates that individuals coffin nail make copies of music recordings for personal noncommercial use and cannot be sued for copyright infringement 2. In 21st century terms, it can be argued that downloading MP3 files containing music for personal use is not illegal. Napster lawyers thought so too. This argument was used by Napsters lawyers as one of the two lines of defense at the lawsuit filed against Napster by The Record Industry Association of America (the RIAA) 3. Unfortunately for Napster, the judge ruling was in favor of the RIAA, and eventually it brought Napster down.Napster was a pioneer in the area of file swapping over the Internet. The Napster web site made available the software necessary for the Peer-to-Peer (P2P) file transfer to work. People used it primarily for copying MP3 music files, then avoiding the need to actually purchase recorded music.Napster quickly became a very popular web site with a 15 million registered users in less than a year, according to company sources. However, Napsters remarkable success was not at its best interest. It had drawn the attention of the Record Industry, and raised its concerns of Copyright infringement in large volumes. Barely a year after its launch, it was sued by the RIAA, which represents major recording companies such as Universal Music, BMG, Sony Music, Warner Music Group, and EMI. The RIAA claimed that by allowing users to swap music recordings for free, Napsters service violated Copyright laws. Eventually, the judge ruled against Napster, and, failing to complete the sale deal with Bertelsmann AG, it had to shut down its operations and scourge its assets 3.

Financial Report of Loewen Group Inc. Essay -- Finances Accounting Bus

Financial Report of Loewen Group Inc.The Loewen Group Inc. was founded in 1969. The company has two study furnish in North America, one in Burnaby, British Colombia and a second inCincinnati, Ohio. Loewen Group Inc. (L.G.I.) is the largest funeral ope pastureenterprise in Canada and is the second largest company in the North AmericanFuneral gos intentness. L.G.I. owns 918 funeral homes and 269 cemeteries andalso engages in the pre-need selling of funeral services including cemetery andcremation services. The company strives on respecting its Eagle Principle,which is displayed on the first page of its 1995 yearly Report To soar to heights of possibilities one needs two equallyhealthy, strong wings - one being that of people or service concerns, the other(a)that of responsible planning and fiscal management. It is the balance of thesewings that enables the eagle to soar beyond all heights1 In 1995, the company defended itself against two major lawsuits, as wellas con tinued to negotiate acquisition agreements. The Loewen Group Inc.stresses that once an acquisition has been completed, local management isencouraged to remain and offers long marge contracts to its key employees, r belydismissing the other employees. L.G.I. provides many services to its acquiredcompanies including offering training to new employees on its managementinformation systems and covering costs for any renovations which are needed onthe acquired locations. Each funeral home and cemetery is operated as adistinct profit centre, with monthly and annual financial performance monitoredby regional and corporate management in accordance with budgeted projections. This report includes a study of The Canadian Funeral Services Industrypractices, a review of the take-over attempt by Service CorporationInternational, an analysis of the Loewen Group Inc. 1995 Annual Report for theperiod ending December 31, 1995, and examination of the revenue recognitionpractices used by L.G.I..The Funeral Services IndustryAccording to a paper issued in August 1995, by Statistics Canadas Services,Science and technology Division Final Purchase, Growing Demand The CanadianFuneral Services Industry, the funeral services industry, in comparison to otherindustries, has historically been considered a low risk industry. The Fu... ...adian Funeral ServicesIndustry. APPENDIX D Total Revenue of the Funeral Services Industry by SectorSource p.4 of Final Purchase, Growing Demand The Canadian Funeral ServicesIndustry.APPENDIX E The Scott Formula(Expressed in thousands of U.S. Dollars)1995 1994 SymbolsTotal assets 2262980 1326275 ATotal liabilities 1648298 915136 LTotal equity 614682 411139 ETotal revenue 599939 417328 REVNet income (76684) 38494 NIInterest expense 50913 34203 INTIncome tax rate (38.1) % 33.9 % TRAfter-tax interest expense 50913 * 1.381 = 70311 34203 * .661 = 22608 ATI =INT (1 - TR)hard roe (return on equity) (76684) / 614682 =(0.125) 38494 / 411139 = 0.094 NI / ESR (sale s return before interest) (76684) + 70311 / 599939 = (0.011) 38494 +22608 / 417328 = 0.146 NI + ATI / REVAT (asset turnover) 599939 / 2262980 = 0.265 417328 / 1326275 = 0.315REV / AROA (return on assets) (76684) + 70311 / 2262980 = (0.003) 38494 + 22608 /1326275 = 0.046 NI + ATI / AIN (average interest rate after tax) 70311 / 1648298 = 0.043 22608 / 915136 =0.025 ATI / LD / E (debt-equity ratio) 1648298 / 614682 = 2.682 915136 / 411139 = 2.226 L/ E

nigeria and us women and development :: essays research papers

Women as a group make up an tremendous portion of the worlds population. Thus the exploitation of women, the changes implemented that affect them both positively and negatively are integral in study the world. understructure to the field of women and development can be traced back to the 1950s post World War II., specifically the period of reconstruction. Due to focus on external issues rather than internal issues, programs like the United States Marshall Plan were created, emphasizing the need to bridge the gap between developing and developed nations. The study of women and development gives an overall perspective of womens development in comparison to other areas. Womens development shapes many things including our perspectives and our public policies. I will assess the contributions of the lead major theoretical debates applied to the field of women and development and explain how they shaped the field.The first and perhaps the most dominant perspective, Women in Development (WID) stresses western value and targets individuals as catalysts for social change. The origins of this perspective came ab step forward after the release of Esther Boserups book entitled Womens Role in Economic Development. The theory points out that modernization had somehow bypassed women and that some segments actually destabilized the prevailing position of women. The theory argues that legal and administration modifications are needed to facilitate change and integrate women into economic systems. The most notable contribution of WID is that it drew attention to womens questions in the arena of development theory and practice. While WID emphasizes the productive role of women, it overlooks the direct invite of race, class and culture and it minimizes the reproductive role of women entirely.Women and Development (WAD) emerged in the 1970s its primary basis was critiquing the earlier theory of WID. Essentially, WAD contends that economic growth and the industrialization of the West were based upon the exploitation of nations that were subjected to colonial rule. The theory focuses on the idea that countries are core, semi-peripheral and peripheral. Powerdependency relationships are reflected in an international division of get the picture that encompasses each of these types. Core nations, including the major powers of Western Europe, the United States, Canada, and Japan dominate globally by virtue of their domestic and international strength. According to conventional world-system arguments, the countries in the periphery of the world-system, the least developed nations in Africa and Asia, such as Bangladesh and Rwanda are relatively weaker than the core nations and to a lesser extent, the semi-periphery nations such as Chile and Libya.

nigeria and us women and development :: essays research papers

Women as a group make up an enormous portion of the worlds population. Thus the development of women, the changes implemented that affect them both positively and negatively are integral in study the world. Introduction to the field of women and development can be traced back to the 1950s post sphere War II., specifically the period of reconstruction. Due to focus on external issues rather than internal issues, programs like the United States Marshall Plan were created, emphasizing the aim to bridge the gap between developing and developed nations. The study of women and development gives an overall perspective of womens development in comparison to other areas. Womens development shapes many things including our perspectives and our public policies. I will assess the contributions of the three major theoretical debates applied to the field of women and development and explain how they shaped the field.The firstborn and perhaps the most dominant perspective, Women in Development (WID) stresses western values and targets individuals as catalysts for social change. The origins of this perspective came about after the release of Esther Boserups adjudge entitled Womens Role in Economic Development. The theory points out that modernization had somehow bypassed women and that some segments actually destabilized the prevailing position of women. The theory argues that levelheaded and administration modifications are needed to facilitate change and integrate women into economic systems. The most notable contribution of WID is that it drew attention to womens questions in the celestial sphere of development theory and practice. While WID emphasizes the productive role of women, it overlooks the direct influence of race, class and culture and it minimizes the reproductive role of women entirely.Women and Development (WAD) emerged in the 1970s its primary basis was critiquing the earlier theory of WID. Essentially, WAD contends that economic growth and the indust rialization of the West were based upon the exploitation of nations that were subjected to colonial rule. The theory focuses on the idea that countries are core, semi-peripheral and peripheral. Powerdependency relationships are reflected in an international division of labor that encompasses each of these types. Core nations, including the major powers of Western Europe, the United States, Canada, and Japan dominate globally by virtue of their domestic and international strength. According to conventional world-system arguments, the countries in the periphery of the world-system, the least developed nations in Africa and Asia, such as Bangladesh and Rwanda are comparatively weaker than the core nations and to a lesser extent, the semi-periphery nations such as Chile and Libya.

Find out whether or not congestion zones are a good idea

Are Congestion Z mavens A Good Idea? In this report I pass on be finding out whether or not over-crowding zones ar a good idea, using researched data, charts and tables to back up my ideas. The conclusion of this matter relies on how veracious and reliable the information is. Congestion Zones are used in hope that traffic gets reduced. The mayor of London has re centimely put congestion zones into place in hopes they will reduce traffic by 15%. Critics of the scheme however, say that it is unworkable and unfair. They also claim it will probably lead to more congestion as batch try to avoid the charging areas.Central London has had a dramatic cut in traffic since the introduction of the congestion charge. 40 000 little people are driving through and through the zone each Some people agree with the congestion charge, and provide produce many facts to support their view. My stemma one can also provide many facts and figures. Source one says that since the congestion zone was p ut into place, traffic had been cut by 18%, and delays were downward by 30% since the congestion zone has been bought in, the advantage of congestion zone was clear as the traffic was rapidly decreasing after the introduction of congestion zones.If the traffic is reduced then there will be no delays so not that much pollution released in to the atmosphere which leads to climate effects for example globose warming. The public transport in the city has improved dramatically by 20%, with 29,000 more people using the service- which will esteem much more money towards its improvement. This also contri howeveres to the protection of our planet against climate changes which can give social effects. If more people chose to use the bus or taxi then this would improve their health as they would walk and always go on separate cars.Source one also says that the passageways of London were clogged and the saturnine traffic on the roads were costing businesses approximately i2 million a we ek. Congestion zones are good because people only use them if they really have to, the evidence to this point is in origin 1 when it states there are 65,000 fewer car trips, and so this means a cut down on gases being emitted into the air. So, less pollution. Source 1 also states that the costs that people pay are going towards the environment, saucy more environmentally friendly buses.As i50m is contributed mainly through quicker and more reliable journeys for road and bus users. This is also an advantage as the money is not going to the government but is used to help our transport. The news denomination declares that, Research, polls and surveys also shows that 75% of Londoners back up the scheme because it works. That factor that it really helps us as all of the congestion charge is kindly contributed to improving the public transport. Source 2 goes on saying that there research have shown that there was much urgently street works done with the help of this money, such as rep lacing ancient leaking water pipes.If congestion zones are reducing traffic by 21 per cent and 70,000 cars e really day then it must really work. On the other hand congestion zones can also become a disadvantage. For my second source, I have a newspaper article from London Evening Standard news to support my point. In this source, Angie Bray sates that the rate of traffic rose to 2. 6 and 2. 7 minutes per kilometre. This is a disadvantage as if there is a high traffic rate then the will be more pollution caused than cars at normal speed. The issue forth of cars that was entering the congestion zone has rapidly increased from previous years.The newspaper clearly states that surely instantly is the time to parachute figureing about an alternative way to tackle congestion. Evidently, the congestion charge did not really work out as the number of cars has risen. The local newspaper gave me evidence that congestion charge was a failure as it states that earlier this month their rese arch has told them that traffic in the morning rush time of day was running more slowly than before the scheme began. Angie Bray speaks that the charge has lost its main justification. Which is truly concerning as there is no change in climate. Congestion charge has a knock on effect on the environment and economically.Not many people will want to pass through the zone unless its necessary, so they would find other alternative ways to pass the area causing more congestion in other roots. This effects the people around that area as they live in an atmosphere filled with bio-products. Thus, many would use buses to travel instead of their own cars. This again results in a disadvantage of congestion zones as there is more buses equals huge amount of pollution made by one bus against 10 cars. Congestion charges can affect people and also businesses. This is because businesses have lost profits after the congestion zones were placed.As businesses need stock delivery which might need to grumpy the charging area which trails to extra costs, leading to lower profits. The workers might have to cross the congestion zone to go to work every day, resulting in quitting that job. This again affects the businesses to overleap their workers. The evidence from source 1 supports my point as it states that 68% of retail businesses said the scheme would have been better without the charge. Source reliability can brand name all the difference, which is why I have picked three very reliable sources. My Source one is a report by BBCNEWS.I feel this makes it very reliable. This is because the BBC is a well-known and trusted organisation, backed by the government. The Source also includes soap interviews for the BBC by the mayor of the time, Ken Livingstone. This report was published on the seventeenth February 2004. Though this source is a lot years old, I think it is still reliable, because the evidence is still valid. The Source is very relevant to the question, as it provides facts supported and given by the government, but also includes opinions of Londoners. The Source also has validity, as it addresses all the factors that it claims to.My source 2 is as reliable as source one as it is a report from the local newspaper for London readers. It is well known in London so it is trusted a lot. This report contains exclusive interviews with Angie Bray. However it was published in 22th November 2007 as this means it are a couple of years old, so it is not reliable as this data is not up to date and might not be the case now. My source three holds a great importance of the reliability as it is reliable. This is because facts and figures form the article is as relevant and reliable. As it comes from a trust worthy newspaper article.Because the stats are from the government, they are going to be very reliable indeed, as they will contain no gossip, rumours or assumptions. Out of all my Sources I feel that my Source two is most reliable. This is due to age, valid ity, fact, bias, author and the exclusive interviews. This Source shows two positive and negative points about the congestion charge. The congestion charge also has an impact on many other things, which I can place nether Social, Economic and Environmental. The social effects are that the people that will be affected by this are local.It will mainly affect local, seeing as those in the area will either have to pay the charge, or they will be facing probable delays on alternate routes, due to the number of people trying to avoid the area. They will also benefit from the cleaner, safer air if they live around the congestion zones. If a person is caught up in heavier-than-air traffic their journey times will be unreliable, impacting on all sorts of thing such as family, work, health appointments etc. The economic effects are that for those that have no choice but to pass through the zone it is just adding to their payments.Not only do they have bills and road tax, but now they have t o pay i8. 00 every time they need to get somewhere essential, such as my research shows some businesses are being affected by things such for instance stock delivery, which now costs the business more because of the charge. Finally the environmental effects are, obviously pollution plays a big give out in the charge. My data shows that the pollution levels inside the zones are decreasing massively. With toxic nitrogen levels dropping quicker but still maintaining a normal level, it seems to be like the charge is working.As for the environment, if a vehicle is moving slowly or stationary, it produces more carbon emissions than if it moves at a normal speed. Thus, more global warming and other climate change which affect animals and humans. The other gases are released like sulphur dioxide, this will cause acid rain and damage the marble and other materials which costs a lot to repair. One of the negative effects of the congestion charge is its knock-on effect on the wider community with people looking for new routes, surrounding areas could become clogged with congestion, and we would have the same problem all over again.To conclude, after considering all the evidence for both sides, I think that overall congestion charges are a good idea. Thats not to say that it doesnt have its negative points though, because it does. The information that most helped me reach my decision was the data I found, and my source 1, BBCNEWS report. This is because I feel the health of the people will be improving, and you cant really argue with that. Also, the fact that the money is being spent on the public- which I think is a brilliant idea.However, like I have said, the congestion charge does not come without its negative points, such as people paying a double tax when they have no choice, delays and congestion being created on alternate routes due to drivers trying to avoid the congestion charge area, and also, the fact that some businesses are suffering is something that I fi nd quite unacceptable. So yes, the system does need some tweaking, but overall think it is a good idea that initially solves a problem. I think my conclusion is valid because I have considered all of the evidence and made an educated decision.

The Twilight Saga 2: New Moon Chapter 1 PARTY

I WAS NINETY-NINE POINT NINE PERCENT SURE I WAS aspirationing.The reasons I was so certain were that, first, I was peace in a quick-witted shaft of sunlightthe manikin of blinding clear sun that n forever shone on my drizzly refreshed home townsfolk in Forks, Washingtonand second, I was looking at my Grandma Marie. Gran had been dead for six years now, so that was solid evidence toward the dream theory.Gran hadnt changed very often eras her face looked good the same as I remembered it. The struggle was soft and withitherd, bent into a thousand tiny creases that clung gently to the bone underneath. the the slip awayle a dried apricot, barely with a puff of thick color hairs-breadth standing out in a cloud around it.Our mouthshers a wizen pickerspread into the same surprised half-smile at just the same time. Apparently, she hadnt been expecting to see me, either.I was closely to ask her a question I had so many an(prenominal) an(prenominal)What was she doing here i n my cream? What hadshe been up to in the past six years? Was Pop okay, and had they found each other, wherever they were barely she straight-from-the-shouldered her mouth when I did, so I s pennantped to let her go first. She paused, too, and then we Goth smiled at the lower-ranking awkwardness.BellaIt wasnt Gran who c on the wholeed my severalize, and we both turned to see the addition to our sm altogether reunion. I didnt thrust to look to grapple who it was this was a voice I would slam anywhereknow, and respond to, whether I was awake or asleep or even dead, Id bet. The voice Id crack with fire foror, less dramatically, slosh every(prenominal) side real(a) day through the inhuman and endless rain for.Edward.Even though I was al representations stir to see himconscious or otherwiseand even though I was almost positive that I was dreaming, I panicked as Edward walked toward us through the glaring sunlight.I panicked because Gran didnt know that I was in love with a va mpirenobody knew thatso how was I supposed to let off the fact that the brilliant sunbeams were shattering off his skin into a thousand rainbow shards like he was made of crystal or diamond?Well, Gran, yon might have noniced that my boyfriend glitters. Its just slightlything he does in the sun. Dont worry about itWhat was he doing? The whole reason he lived in Forks, the rainiest sharpen in the world, was so that he could be outside in the daytime without exposing his familys secret. Yet here he was, strolling gracefully toward mewith the most beautiful smile on his angels faceas if I were the save one here.In that second, I wished that I was not the one exception to his mysterious talent I unremarkably mat refreshing that I was the only person whose thoughts he couldnt hear just as clearly as if they were spoken aloud. But now I wished he could hear me, too, so that he could hear the warning I was shout in my head.I shot a panicked glance back at Gran, and saw that it was too late. She was just turning to gaze back at me, her eyes as alarmed as mine.Edwardstill smiling so beautifully that my heart felt like it was waiver to swell up and burst through my titput his arm around my shoulder and turned to face my grandmother.Grans expression surprised me. Instead of looking horrified, she was staring at me sheepishly, as if waiting for a scolding. And she was standing in such a strange positionone arm held awkwardly a means from her body, stretched out and then curled around the air. Like she had her arm around psyche I couldnt see, someone invisibleOnly then, as I looked at the wallopingger picture, did I notice the huge gilt frame that enclosed my grandmothers form. Uncomprehending, I raised the hand that wasnt imprisoned around Edwards waist and weeed out to touch her. She mimicked the movement exactly, mirrored it. But where our fingers should have met, there was nothing plainly cold glassWith a dizzying jolt, my dream abruptly became a nightm are.There was no Gran.That was me. Me in a mirror. Meancient, creased, and withered.Edward stood beside me, casting no reflection, excruciatingly lovely and forever seventeen.He pressed his icy, perfect lips against my wasted cheek.Happy birthday, he whispered.I woke with a startmy eyelids popping open wideand gasped. Dull gray light, the familiar light of an overcast morning, took the place of the blinding sun in my dream.Just a dream, I told myself. It was only a dream. I took a deep breath, and then jumped again when my alarm went off. The picayune calendar in the corner of the clocks display informed me that today was September thirteenth.Only a dream, but prophetic enough in one way, at least. Today was my birthday. I was officially eighteen years old.Id been dreading this day for months.All through the perfect summerthe happiest summer I had ever had, the happiest summer anyone anywhere had ever had, and the rainiest summer in the history of the Olympic Peninsulathis bleak d ate had lurked in ambush, waiting to spring.And now that it had hit, it was even worse than Id feared it would be. I could feel itI was older. Every day I got older, but this was different, worse, quantifiable. I was eighteen.And Edward never would be.When I went to brush my teeth, I was almost surprised that the face in the mirror hadnt changed. I stared at myself, looking for some sign of impending wrinkles in my ivory skin. The only creases were the ones on my forehead, though, and I knew that if I could manage to relax, they would disappear. I couldnt. My eyebrows stayed lodged in a worried store over my anxious brown eyes.It was just a dream, I re headered myself again. Just a dream but also my worst nightmare.I skipped breakfast, in a hurry to corroborate out of the house as quickly as possible. I wasnt entirely able to avoid my dad, and so I had to spend a a few(prenominal) minutes acting cheerful. I honestly tried to be excited about the gifts Id asked him not to get me, but every time I had to smile, it felt like I might start crying.I struggled to get a grip on myself as I drove to school. The vision of GranI would not think of it as mewas hard to get out of my head. I couldnt feel anything but despair until I pulled into the familiar parking lot in arrears Forks extravagantly School and spotted Edward leaning motionlessly against his polished silver Volvo, like a marble tribute to some forgotten pagan god of beauty. The dream had not done him justice. And he was waiting there for me, just the same as every other day.Despair momentarily vanished wonder took its place. Even later half a year with him, I still couldnt believe that I deserved this degree of good fortune.His sister Alice was standing by his side, waiting for me, too.Of campaign Edward and Alice werent in truth related (in Forks the story was that all the Cullen siblings were adopted by Dr. Carlisle Culler and his wife, Esme, both plainly too young to have teenage children), but their skin was scarce the same pale shade, their eyes had the same strange golden tint, with the same deep, bruise-like shadows beneath them. Her face, like his, was also startlingly beautiful. To someone in the knowsomeone like methese similarities marked them for what they were.The sight of Alice waiting thereher tawny eyes brilliant with excitement, and a bitty silver-wrapped square in her handsmade me frown. Id told Alice I didnt want anything, anything, not gifts or even attention, for my birthday. Obviously, my wishes were beingness ignored.I slammed the doorway of my 53 Chevy trucka shower of rust specks fluttered pour down to the wet blacktopand walked slowly toward where they waited. Alice skipped forward to meet me, her pixie face glowing under her high black hair.Happy birthday, BellaShh I hissed, glancing around the lot to make sure no one had perceive her. The become thing I wanted was some kind of celebration of the black event.She ignored me. Do you want to open your present now or later? she asked eagerly as we made our way to where Edward still waited.No presents, I protested in a mumble.She finally seemed to process my mood. Okay later, then. Did you like the scrapbook your mom sent you? And the tv camera from Charlie?I sighed. Of social class she would know what my birthday presents were. Edward wasnt the only member of his family with un coarse skills. Alice would have seen what my parents were planning as soon as theyd decided that themselves.Yeah. Theyre great.I think its a nice idea. Youre only a senior once. Might as well document the dumbfound.How many times have you been a senior?Thats different.We reached Edward then, and he held out his hand for mine. I took it eagerly, forgetting, for a moment, my glum mood. His skin was, as always, smooth, hard, and very cold. He gave my fingers a gentle squeeze. I looked into his liquid topa2 eyes, and my heart gave a not-quite-so-gentle squeeze of its own. Hearing the flub in my he artbeats, he smiled again.He lifted his free hand and traced one cool fingertip around the outside of my lips as he spoke. So, as discussed, I am not allowed to wish you a happy birthday, is that correct?Yes. That is correct. I could never quite mimic the flow of his perfect, formal articulation. It was something that could only be picked up in an earlier century.Just checking. He ran his hand through his tousled bronze hair. You might have changed your mind. Most people seem to enjoy things like birthdays and gifts.Alice laughed, and the efficacious was all silver, a wind chime. Of course youll enjoy it. Everyone is supposed to be nice to you today and give you your way, Bella. Whats the worst that could happen? She meant it as a rhetorical question.Getting older, I answered anyway, and my voice was not as steady as I wanted it to be.Beside me, Edwards smile tightened into a hard line.Eighteen isnt very old, Alice said. Dont women wonted(prenominal)ly wait till theyre twenty-nine to get upset over birthdays?Its older than Edward, I mumbled.He sighed.Technically, she said, discovering her tone light. Just by one little year, though.And I supposed if I could be sure of the future I wanted, sure that I would get to spend forever with Edward, and Alice and the rest of the Cullens (preferably not as a wrinkled little old lady) then a year or two one direction or the other wouldnt matter to me so much. But Edward was dead set against any future that changed me. Any future that made me like himthat made me immortal, too.An impasse, he called it.I couldnt really see Edwards point, to be honest. What was so great about mortality? Being a vampire didnt look like such a terrible thingnot the way the Cullens did it, anyway.What time provide you be at the house? Alice continued, changing the subject. From her expression, she was up to exactly the kind of thing Id been hoping to avoid.I didnt know I had plans to be there.Oh, be fair, Bella she complained. You arent goi ng to divulge all our fun like that, are you?I thought my birthday was about what I want.Ill get her from Charlies right after(prenominal) school, Edward told her, ignoring me altogether.I have to work, I protested.You dont, actually, Alice told me smugly. I already spoke to Mrs. Newton about it. Shes trading your shifts. She said to tell you Happy Birthday.II still cant come over, I stammered, scrambling for an excuse. I, well, I havent celebrateed Romeo and Juliet yet for English.Alice snorted. You have Romeo and Juliet memorized.But Mr. Berty said we needed to see it performed to fully appreciate itthats how Shakespeare intended it to be presented.Edward rolled his eyes.Youve already seen the movie, Alice accused.But not the nineteen-sixties version. Mr. Berty said it was the best.Finally, Alice upset the smug smile and glared at me. This can be blowzy, or this can be hard, Bella, but one way or the otherEdward interrupted her threat. Relax, Alice. If Bella wants to watch a movie, then she can. Its her birthday.So there, I added.Ill bring her over around seven, he continued. That will give you more than time to set up.Alices laughter chimed again. Sounds good. observe you tonight, Bella Itll be fun, youll see. She grinnedthe wide smile exposed all her perfect, glistening teeththen pecked me on the cheek and danced off toward her first class before I could respond.Edward, please I started to beg, but he pressed one cool finger to my lips.Lets discuss it later. Were going to be late for class.No one bothered to stare at us as we took our usual seats in the back of the classroom (we had almost every class together nowit was amazing the favors Edward could get the female administrators to do for him). Edward and I had been together too long now to be an object of gossip anymore. Even mike Newton didnt bother to give me the glum stare that used to make me feel a little guilty. He smiled now preferably, and I was glad he seemed to have accepted that we could only be friends. Mike had changed over the summerhis face had lost some of the roundness, making his cheekbones more prominent, and he was wearing his pale blond hair a new way instead of bristly, it was longer and gelled into a carefully casual disarray. It was piano to see where his inspiration came frombut Edwards look wasnt something that could be achieved through imitation.As the day progressed, I considered ways to get out of whatever was going down at the Cullen house tonight. It would be bad enough to have to celebrate when I was in the mood to mourn. But, worse than that, this was sure to involve attention and gifts.Attention is never a good thing, as any other accident-prone klutz would agree. No one wants a stain when theyre likely to fall on their face.And Id very pointedly askedwell, ordered reallythat no one give me any presents this year. It looked like Charlie and Renee werent the only ones who had decided to overlook that.Id never had much money, and that ha d never bothered me. Renee had raised me on a kindergarten teachers salary. Charlie wasnt getting rich at his job, eitherhe was the police chief here in the tiny town of Forks. My only personal income came from the three days a week I worked at the local sporting goods store. In a town this small, I was fortunate to have a job. Every penny I made went into my microscopic college fund. (College was Plan B. I was still hoping for Plan A, but Edward was just so bolshy about leaving me human)Edward had a lot of moneyI didnt even want to think about how much. Money meant next to nothing to Edward or the rest of the Cullens. It was just something that hive away when you had unlimited time on your hands and a sister who had an uncanny ability to predict trends in the stock market. Edward didnt seem to understand why I objected to him spending money on mewhy it made me uncomfortable if he took me to an expensive restaurant in Seattle, why he wasnt allowed to buy me a car that could reach speeds over fifty-five miles an hour, or why I wouldnt let him pay my college tuition (he was ridiculously enthusiastic about Plan B). Edward thought I was being unnecessarily difficult.But how could I let him give me things when I had nothing to reciprocate with? He, for some unfathomable reason, wanted to be with me. Anything he gave me on top of that just threw us more out of balance.As the day went on, neither Edward nor Alice brought my birthday up again, and I began to relax a little.We sat at our usual table for lunch.A strange kind of truce existed at that table. The three of usEdward, Alice, and Isat on the extreme southern end of the table. Now that the older and somewhat scarier (in Emmetts case, certainly) Cullen siblings had graduated, Alice and Edward did not seem quite so intimidating, and we did not sit here alone. My other friends, Mike and Jessica (who were in the awkward post-breakup friendship phase), Angela and Ben (whose relationship had survived the summer), Eric, Conner, Tyler, and Lauren (though that last one didnt really count in the friend category) all sat at the same table, on the other side of an invisible line. That line dissolved on pleased days when Edward and Alice always skipped school, and then the conversation would swell out effortlessly to include me.Edward and Alice didnt find this minor ostracism odd or hurtful the way I would have. They barely noticed it. People always felt strangely ill at ease with the Cullens, almost afraid for some reason they couldnt explain to themselves. I was a rare exception to that rule. Sometimes it bothered Edward how very comfortable I was with being close to him. He thought he was wild to my healthan opinion I rejected vehemently whenever he voiced it.The afternoon passed quickly. School ended, and Edward walked me to my truck as he usually did. But this time, he held the passenger door open for me. Alice must have been taking his car home so that he could keep me from making a run fo r it.I folded my fortification and made no move to get out of the rain. Its my birthday, dont I get to drive?Im pretending its not your birthday, just as you wished.If its not my birthday, then I dont have to go to your house tonightAll right. He shut the passenger door and walked past me to open the drivers side. Happy birthday.Shh, I shushed him halfheartedly. I climbed in the opened door, wishing hed taken the other offer.Edward played with the radio age I drove, shaking his head in disapproval.Your radio has horrible reception.I frowned. I didnt like it when he picked on my truck. The truck was greatit had personality.You want a nice stereo? Drive your own car. I was so nervous about Alices plans, on top of my already gloomy mood, that the words came out sharper than Id meant them. I was hardly ever bad-tempered with Edward, and my tone made him press his lips together to keep from smiling.When I parked in front of Charlies house, he reached over to take my face in his hands. He handled me very carefully, pressing just the tips of his fingers softly against my temples, my cheekbones, my jawline. Like I was especially breakable. Which was exactly the casecompared with him, at least.You should be in a good mood, today of all days, he whispered. His sweet breath fanned crosswise my face.And if I dont want to be in a good mood? I asked, my breathing uneven.His golden eyes smoldered. Too bad.My head was already whirl by the time he leaned closer and pressed his icy lips against mine. As he intended, no doubt, I forgot all about my worries, and concentrated on call up how to inhale and exhale.His mouth lingered on mine, cold and smooth and gentle, until I wrapped my arms around his neck and threw myself into the kiss with a little too much enthusiasm. I could feel his lips curve upward as he let go of my face and reached back to unlock my grip on him.Edward had drawn many careful lines for our physical relationship, with the intent being to keep me alive. Th ough I respected the need for maintaining a safe distance between my skin and his razor-sharp, venom-coated teeth, I tended to forget about trivial things like that when he was kissing me.Be good, please, he breathed against my cheek. He pressed his lips gently to mine one more time and then pulled away, folding my arms across my stomach.My pulse was thudding in my ears. I put one hand over my heart. It drummed hyperactively under my palm.Do you think Ill ever get better at this? I wondered, mostly to myself. That my heart might someday stop trying to jump out of my chest whenever you touch me?I really hope not, he said, a point smug.I rolled my eyes. Lets go watch the Capulets and Montagues hack each other up, all right?Your wish, my command.Edward sprawled across the couch while I started the movie, fast-forwarding through the opening credits.When I perched on the edge of the sofa in front of him, he wrapped his arms around my waist and pulled me against his chest. It wasnt exact ly as comfortable as a sofa cushion would be, what with his chest being hard and coldand perfectas an ice sculpture, but it was definitely preferable. He pulled the old afghan off the back of the couch and draped it over me so I wouldnt freeze beside his body.You know, Ive never had much application with Romeo, he commented as the movie started.Whats disparage with Romeo? I asked, a little offended. Romeo was one of my favorite fictional characters. Until Id met Edward, Id sort of had a thing for him.Well, first of all, hes in love with this Rosalinedont you think it makes him seem a little fickle? And then, a few minutes after their wedding, he kills Juliets cousin. Thats not very brilliant. Mistake after mistake. Could he have destroyed his own happiness any more thoroughly?I sighed. Do you want me to watch this alone?No, Ill mostly be watching you, anyway. His fingers traced patterns across the skin of my arm, raising goose bumps. Will you cry?Probably, I admitted, if Im paying attention.I wont distract you then. But I felt his lips on my hair, and it was very distracting.The movie eventually captured my interest, thanks in large part to Edward whispering Romeos lines in my earhis irresistible, velvet voice made the actors voice break infirm and coarse by comparison. And I did cry, to his amusement, when Juliet woke and found her new husband dead.Ill admit, I do sort of envy him here, Edward said, drying the tears with a lock of my hair.Shes very pretty.He made a disgusted clayey. I dont envy him the girljust the ease of the suicide, he clarified in a teasing tone. You humans have it so easy All you have to do is throw down one tiny vial of plant extractsWhat? I gasped.Its something I had to think about once, and I knew from Carlisles experience that it wouldnt be simple. Im not even sure how many ways Carlisle tried to kill himself in the beginning after he realized what hed become His voice, which had self-aggrandising serious, turned light again. A nd hes clearly still in excellent health.I twisted around so that I could read his face. What are you talking about? I demanded. What do you mean, this something you had to think about once?Last spring, when you were nearly killed He paused to take a deep breath, snuggling to pitch to his teasing tone. Of course I was trying to focus on finding you alive, but part of my mind was making contingency plans. Like I said, its not as easy for me as it is for a human.For one second, the memory of my last trip to Phoenix washed through my head and made me feel dizzy. I could see it all so clearlythe blinding sun, the heat waves coming off the concrete as I ran with desperate haste to find the sadistic vampire who wanted to rag me to death. James, waiting in the mirrored room with my mother as his hostageor so Id thought. I hadnt cognize it was all a ruse. Just as James hadnt known that Edward was racing to save me Edward made it in time, but it had been a close one. Unthinkingly, my fing ers traced the crescent-shaped scar on my hand that was always just a few degrees cooler than the rest of my skin.I shook my headas if I could shake away the bad memoriesand tried to grasp what Edward meant. My stomach plunged uncomfortably. Contingency plans? I repeated.Well, I wasnt going to live without you. He rolled his eyes as if that fact were childishly obvious. But I wasnt sure how to do itI knew Emmett and Jasper would never help so I was thinking maybe I would go to Italy and do something to provoke the Volturi.I didnt want to believe he was serious, but his golden eyes were brooding, focused on something far away in the distance as he contemplated ways to end his own life. Abruptly, I was furious.What is a Volturi? I demanded.The Volturi are a family, he explained, his eyes still remote. A very old, very powerful family of our kind. They are the closest thing our world has to a royal family, I suppose. Carlisle lived with them briefly in his early years, in Italy, before he settled in Americado you remember the story?Of course I remember.I would never forget the first time Id gone to his home, the huge white mansion buried deep in the forest beside the river, or the room where CarlisleEdwards father in so many real wayskept a wall of paintings that illustrated his personal history. The most vivid, most wildly colorful canvas there, the largest, was from Carlisles time in Italy. Of course I remembered the calm quartet of men, each with the exquisite face of a seraph, painted into the highest balcony overlooking the swirling mayhem of color. Though the painting was centuries old, Carlislethe blond angelremained unchanged. And I remembered the three others, Carlisles early acquaintances. Edward had never used the name Volturifor the beautiful trio, two black-haired, one snow white. Hed called them Aro, Caius, and Marcus, nighttime patrons of the artsAnyway, you dont irritate the Volturi, Edward went on, interrupting ray reverie. Not unless you want to dieor whatever it is we do. His voice was so calm, it made him sound almost bored by the prospect.My anger turned to horror. I took his marble face between my hands and held it very tightly.You must never, never, never think of anything like that again I said. No matter what might ever happen to me, you are not allowed to hurt yourselfIll never put you in danger again, so its a moot point.Put me in danger I thought wed established that all the bad luck is my fault? I was getting angrier. How defy you even think like that? The idea of Edward ceasing to exist, even if I were dead, was impossiblypainful.What would you do, if the situation were reversed? he asked.Thats not the same thing.He didnt seem to understand the difference. He chuckled.What if something did happen to you? I blanched at the thought. Would you want me to go off myself?A trace of pain touched his perfect features.I guess I see your point a little, he admitted. But what would I do without you?Whatever you were doin g before I came along and complicated your existence.He sighed. You make that sound so easy.It should be. Im not really that interesting.He was about to argue, but then he let it go. Moot point, he reminded me. Abruptly, he pulled himself up into a more formal posture, shifting me to the side so that we were no longer touching.Charlie? I guessed.Edward smiled. After a moment, I heard the sound of the police cruiser clout into the driveway. I reached out and took his hand firmly. My dad could deal with that much.Charlie came in with a pizza box in his hands.Hey, kids. He grinned at me. I thought youd like a break from cooking and washing dishes for your birthday. Hungry?Sure. Thanks, Dad.Charlie didnt comment on Edwards apparent lack of appetite. He was used to Edward passing on dinner.Do you mind if I borrow Bella for the evening? Edward asked when Charlie and I were done.I looked at Charlie hopefully. Maybe he had some concept of birthdays as stay-at-home, family affairsthis was m y first birthday with him, the first birthday since my mom, Renee, had remarried and gone to live in Florida, so I didnt know what he would expect.Thats finethe Mariners are playing the Sox tonight, Charlie explained, and my hope disappeared. So I wont be any kind of company Here. He scooped up the camera hed gotten me on Renees suggestion (because I would need pictures to fill up my scrap-book), and threw it to me.He ought to know better than thatId always been coordinationally challenged. The camera glanced off the tip of my finger, and tumbled toward the floor. Edward snagged it before it could crash onto the linoleum.Nice save, Charlie noted. If theyre doing something fun at the Cullens tonight, Bella, you should take some pictures. You know how your mother getsshell be wanting to see the pictures smart than you can take them.Good idea, Charlie, Edward said, handing me the camera.I turned the camera on Edward, and snapped the first picture. It works.Thats good. Hey, say hi to A lice for me. She hasnt been over in a while. Charlies mouth pulled down at one corner.Its been three days, Dad, I reminded him. Charlie was crazy about Alice. Hed become attached last spring when shed helped me through my awkward convalescence Charlie would be foreter grateful to her for saving him from the horror of an almost-adult daughter who needed help showering. Ill tell her.Okay. You kids have fun tonight. It was clearly a dismissal. Charlie was already edging toward the living room and the TV.Edward smiled, triumphant, and took my hand to pull me from the kitchen.When we got to the truck, he opened the passenger door for me again, and this time I didnt argue. I still had a hard time finding the obscure turnoff to his house in the dark.Edward drove north through Forks, visibly chafing at the speed limit enforced by my prehistoric Chevy. The engine groaned even louder than usual as he pushed it over fifty.Take it easy, I warned him.You know what you would love? A nice little A udi coupe. Very quiet, lots of powerTheres nothing wrong with my truck. And speaking of expensive nonessentials, if you know whats good for you, you didnt spend any money on birthday presents.Not a dime, he said virtuously.Good.Can you do me a favor?That depends on what it is.He sighed, his lovely face serious. Bella, the last real birthday any of us had was Emmett in 1935. Cut us a little slack, and dont be too difficult tonight. Theyre all very excited.It always startled me a little when he brought up things like that. Fine, Ill behave.I believably should warn youPlease do.When I say theyre all excited I do mean all of them.Everyone? I choked. I thought Emmett and Rosalie were in Africa. The rest of Forks was under the impression that the older Cullens had gone off to college this year, to Dartmouth, but I knew better.Emmett wanted to be here.But Rosalie?I know, Bella. Dont worry, shell be on her best behavior.I didnt answer. Like I could just not worry, that easy. Unlike Alice, Edwards other adopted sister, the golden blond and exquisite Rosalie, didnt like me much. Actually, the feeling was a little bit stronger than just dislike. As far as Rosalie was concerned, I was an unwelcome intruder into her familys secret life.I felt horribly guilty about the present situation, injection that Rosalie and Emmetts prolonged absence was my fault, even as I furtively enjoyed not having to see her Emmett, Edwards playful bear of a brother, I did miss. He was in many ways just like the big brother Id always wanted only much, much more terrifying.Edward decided to change the subject. So, if you wont let me get you the Audi, isnt there anything that youd like for your birthday?The words came out in a whisper. You know what I want.A deep frown carved creases into his marble forehead. He obviously wished hed stuck to the subject of Rosalie.It felt like wed had this argument a lot today.Not tonight, Bella. Please.Well, maybe Alice will give me what I want.Edward growleda deep, menacing sound. This isnt going to be your last birthday, Bella, he vowed.Thats not fairI thought I heard his teeth clench together.We were pulling up to the house now. Bright light shined from every window on the first two floors. A long line of glowing Japanese lanterns hung from the porch eaves, reflecting a soft radiance on the huge cedars that ring the house. Big bowls of flowerspink roseslined the wide stairs up to the front doors.I moaned.Edward took a few deep breaths to calm himself. This is a party, he reminded me. Try to be a good sport.Sure, I muttered.He came around to get my door, and offered me his hand.I have a question.He waited warily.If I develop this film, I said, toying with the camera in my hands, will you show up in the picture?Edward started laughing. He helped me out of the car, pulled me up the stairs, and was still laughing as he opened the door for me.They were all waiting in the huge white living room when I walked through the door, they greeted m e with a loud chorus of Happy birthday, Bella while I blushed and looked down. Alice, I assumed, had covered every flat surface with pink candles and dozens of crystal bowls filled with hundreds of roses. There was a table with a white cloth draped over it next to Edwards grand piano, holding a pink birthday cake, more roses, a stack of glass plates, and a small pile of silver-wrapped presents.It was a hundred times worse than Id imagined.Edward, sensing my distress, wrapped an encouraging arm around my waist and kissed the top of my head.Edwards parents, Carlisle and Esmeimpossibly youthful and lovely as everwere the closest to the door. Esme hugged me carefully, her soft, caramel-colored hair brushing against my cheek as she kissed my forehead, and then Carlisle put his arm around my shoulders.Sorry about this, Bella, he stage-whispered. We couldnt rein Alice in.Rosalie and Emmett stood behind them. Rosalie didnt smile, but at least she didnt glare. Emmetts face was stretched into a huge grin. It had been months since Id seen them Id forgotten how gloriously beautiful Rosalie wasit almost hurt to look at her. And had Emmett always been so big?You havent changed at all, Emmett said with mock disappointment. I expected a perceptible difference, but here you are, red-faced just like always.Thanks a lot, Emmett, I said, blushing deeper.He laughed, I have to step out for a secondhe paused to wink conspicuously at AliceDont do anything funny while Im gone.Illtry.Alice let go of Jaspers hand and skipped forward, all her teeth sparkling in the bright light. Jasper smiled, too, but kept his distance. He leaned, long and blond, against the post at the innovation of the stairs. During the days wed had to spend cooped up together in Phoenix, Id thought hed gotten over his aversion to me. But hed gone back to exactly how hed acted beforeavoiding me as much as possiblethe moment he was free from that temporary obligation to protect me. I knew it wasnt personal, just a pr ecaution, and I tried not to be overly in the raw about it. Jasper had more trouble sticking to the Cullens diet than the rest of them the scent of human blood was much harder for him to resist than the othershe hadnt been trying as long.Time to open presents, Alice declared. She put her cool hand under my elbow and towed me to thetable with the cake and the shiny packages.I put on my best martyr face. Alice, I know I told you I didnt want anythingBut I didnt listen, she interrupted, smug. Open it. She took the camera from my hands and replaced it with a big, square silver box.The box was so light that it felt empty. The tag on top said that it was from Emmett, Rosalie, and Jasper. Selfconsciously, I tore the paper off and then stared at the box it concealed.It was something electrical, with lots of numbers in the name. I opened the box, hoping for further illumination. But the box was empty.Um thanks.Rosalie actually cracked a smile. Jasper laughed. Its a stereo for your truck, he explained. Emmetts installing it right now so that you cant return it.Alice was always one step ahead of me. Thanks, Jasper, Rosalie, I told them, grinning as I remembered Edwards complaints about my radio this afternoonall a setup, apparently. Thanks, Emmett I called more loudly.I heard his booming laugh from my truck, and I couldnt help laughing, too.Open mine and Edwards next, Alice said, so excited her voice was a high-pitched trill. She held a small, flat square in her hand.I turned to give Edward a basilisk glare. You promised.Before he could answer, Emmett bounded through the door. Just in time he crowed. He pushed in behind Jasper, who had also drifted closer than usual to get a good look.I didnt spend a dime, Edward assured me. He brushed a strand of hair from my face, leaving my skin tingling from his touch.I inhaled deeply and turned to Alice. Give it to me, I sighed.Emmett chuckled with delight.I took the little package, rolling my eyes at Edward while I stuck my finger under the edge of the paper and jerked it under the tape.Shoot, I muttered when the paper sliced my finger I pulled it out to examine the damage. A single carry of blood oozed from the tiny cut.It all happened very quickly then.No Edward roared.He threw himself at me, flinging me back across the table. It fell, as I did, scattering the cake and the presents, the flowers and the plates. I landed in the mess of shattered crystal.Jasper slammed into Edward, and the sound was like the crash of boulders in a rock slide.There was another noise, a grisly snarling that seemed to be coming from deep in Jaspers chest. Jaspertried to shove past Edward, snapping his teeth just inches from Edwards face.Emmett grabbed Jasper from behind in the next second, locking him into his massive steel grip, but Jasper struggled on, his wild, empty eyes focused only on me.Beyond the shock, there was also pain. Id tumbled down to the floor by the piano, with my arms thrown out instinctively to catch my fall , into the jagged shards of glass. Only now did I feel the searing, stinging pain that ran from my wrist to the crease inside my elbow.Dazed and disoriented, I looked up from the bright red blood pulsing out of my arminto the fevered eyes of the six suddenly ravenous vampires.

Cai in Chemistry

1 COMPUTER ASSISTED INSTRUCTION IN CHEMISTRY IN RELATION TO LEARNERS PERSONALITY Dr. R. Sivakumar Abstract The manoeuver of this study was to finger out the effectiveness of Computer support Instruction in Teaching alchemy In Relation To Learners Personality. The archetype consisted of 40 students in tone down radical and 40 students in Experimental chemical throng. The data were collected using appropriate tools and it was analyzed by t and F footrace. The realizeing is that the acquisition scores of Experimental group Students were higher than the Control group Students. Introduction Today is an era of Computer.Read this Practice taste Chem 105Computer finds a big address in teaching modeal technology. M any research studies proved CAI has been effective in realizing the instructional objectives. But thither is dearth of studies in establishing relative effectiveness among distinct modes of computer found instruction. The studies have in any case proved the effect iveness of different media changes with respect to individual deflexions among learners. Under this circumstance it is inoperative to establish whether the personality of learners has any beguile in determining the media effectiveness. The investigator has thus chosen computer as the medium to teach alchemy.The Investigator has also measured the effectiveness of tenet interpersonal chemistry finished computer over the conventional mode namely lecturing 2 Computer assisted Instruction The most exciting domain in the Educational Technology is Computer Assisted Instruction. It is a development of systematic programmed development and teaching machine. It is a self-instructional device with the principle of atomization. Computer Assisted Instruction as Computer applications applied to traditional teaching methods such as drill, tutorial, demonstration, simulation and instructional games.It is an effective media and an indispensable aid in the teaching-learning process. The inst ructional process carried out with the help of computer is known as Computer Assisted Instruction. It is not merely a sophisticated type of programmed instruction nevertheless a different kind of instruction altogether. It uses programmed instruction electronic data processing, data communication, concepts of audio-visual and media theory, communication theory, system theory and learning theory.Computer technology is likely to influence education enormously and can play an important role in enhancing the efficiency of the teaching-learning process. C. A. I. is perhaps the best, because it offers ? Individualized instruction ? Effective interaction with the learner and ? immediate feed back Science In common usage, the word science is applied to a variety of disciplines or intellectual activities, which have certain features in common. Usuall(a)y a science is characterized by the possibility of making precise statements, which are susceptible 3 of some sort of check or proof.This genuinely much implies that the situations with which the special science is concerned can be made to recur in order to submit themselves of check, although this is by no means always the case. in that location is observational science such as astronomy or geology in which repetition of situation at will is intrinsically impossible, and the possible precision is contain to precision of description. Science Education It we throw a bridge between science and education, using psychology, we arrive at the concept of science education, which bluntly speaking, is an combine concept.If so it is then, within the realm of possibility to link the most powerful concepts of science to the growing minds of children through active experimental pedagogy. In that case, science education need no longer remain a single dimension activity. It would be our job then to develop the scientific and technical capabilities of our school leaving pupils. We may be then able to win our race in education i n the 21st century. The field of science education is thus next with life. This view promotes as good the inherent care for system of science on a very large scale.It is precisely for this reason that research in scion is needed and, if so, needs to be produced for relevance at an early hour. Chemistry Chemistry is a physical science related to studies of various atoms, molecules, crystals and other aggregates of look whether in isolation or combination, which 4 incorporates the concepts of energy and entropy in relation to the spontaneity of chemical processes. Chemistry is the science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions.Chemistry is the scientific study of interaction of substances called chemical substances that are constituted of atoms or the subatomic comp unrivalednts that make up atoms protons, electrons and neutrons. Atoms combine to produce ions, molecules or crystals. Chemist ry can be called the central science because it connects the other natural sciences, such as astronomy, physics, material science, biology, and geology. Objectives of Teaching Chemistry The companionship gained about the universe is science and this knowledge is so vast that the human mind cannot comprehend it completely.Hence science has deferent divisions as Physics, Chemistry, and Biology among these divisions Chemistry has a greater richness since a number of chemical compounds are applied in our day to day life. Hence chemistry becomes a vital aspect in all levels of education. ? The pupils develop scientific attitude towards chemical phenomena. ? The pupils develop the skill of enquiry observation accepting the facts based on repeated and relevant experimentation. ? The pupils acquire knowledge and understand the chemicals terms, facts, concepts, principles and processes. 5 The pupils apply knowledge and understanding of chemistry in unfamiliar situations. ? The pupils devel op skills in handling apparatus, reporting chemical information, evidences and results using scientific technology. ? The pupils appreciate the chemical phenomena in nature and the role of chemistry in human welfare. ? The pupils develop interest in living world. Concept building is an demand goal in teaching of science. In order to make scientific concepts more meaningful, suitable communication media are needed. Need For the Study Computer is very effective for teaching learning, analysis and evaluation.Though, the computer has flourished in many ways, there is another side in which the teacher taught through conventional method. It has been observed that there are some defects or disadvantages in conventional classroom method of teaching and learning. In this type of teaching, students have to observe classroom under tight-control and severe supervision. It is highly laborious and time consuming. There are many types of diversion occur due to various factor such as poor accom plishment of the students, inadequate class room climate, excess class strength, noisy situation etc. The students can learn at their own convenience.There performance or the estimation will not be exactly correct. They cannot be active as compare to experiment method. There are many external disturbances is learning. Thus it has been put in that Computer Assisted Instruction is very much suitable method for the teaching and learning. 6 Objectives of the Study 1. To develop and validate CAI Software for teaching Chemistry for XI Standard Students. 2. To find out whether there is any prodigious residuum between the students motion scores in Chemistry of the control group and experimental group at Pre test level. 3.To find out whether there is any significant difference between the students acquisition scores in Chemistry of the control group and experimental group at Post test level. 4. To find out the effect of CAI software on the consummation in Chemistry in different lear ning objectives such as Knowledge, Understanding, act and movement. 5. To find out whether there is any significant difference between control and experimental group of students acquirement in Chemistry of various categories of sub-samples wise. i. Gender ii. Locality of the students iii. parental Education v. maternal(p) stock v. Computer Knowledge and vi. Residence of the Students 6. To find out the effect of CAI software on the achievement in Chemistry among control and experimental group of students based on different Personality types. 7. To find out whether there is any significant difference in the achievement of the follow-up tests conducted during the treatment for XI standardized students. 7 Hypotheses of the Study 1. There is no significant difference between the students achievement scores in Chemistry of the control group and experimental group at Pre-test level. 2.There is no significant difference between the students achievement scores in Chemistry of control group and experimental group at Post-test level. 3. There is no significant difference among groups taught through CAI and Lecture method on the achievement in Chemistry in different learning objectives such as Knowledge, Understanding, Application and Skill. 4. There is no significant difference among groups taught through CAI and Lecture method on the achievement in Chemistry with respect to students classified on the basis of i. Gender ii. Locality of the students iii. Parental Education iv. Parental Occupation . Computer Knowledge and vi. Residence of the Students 5. There is no significant difference among groups taught through CAI and Lecture method on the achievement in Chemistry with respect to students personality types. 6. There is no significant difference in the achievement of the follow-up test conducted during the treatment for XI standard students. Methodology An experiment involves the comparison of the effects of a particular treatment with that of a different treat ment or of no treatment. In a sample conventional 8 experiment, reference is usually made to an experimental group and to a control group.These groups are equated as nearly as possible. The experimental group is exposed to the influence of the factor under consideration the control group is not observation is made to determine to what difference appears or what change or modification occurs in the experiment as contrasted with the control group. The present study, which aims at finding the Computer Assisted Instruction in Teaching Chemistry for XI Standard Students, has been designed using the methodology as Experimental method. Sample of the Study The Investigator selected 200 students in XI Standard.Out of these 200 students, 80 students were selected, based on their performance in the half-yearly exam, which is a common one. For that, those students who have secured 60% and above marks are alone selected. Further an entrance test prepared by the Investigator was administered to t he 80 students thus selected. Based on the marks of the entrance test, students were arranged in descending order. From that the Investigator selected the first one for control group, next for experimental group. The control group consists of odd number of students and experimental group consists of even number of students.Control group was exposed to traditional method of teaching. It consists of 40 students of XI standard. In the same way experimental group was given treatment through Computer Assisted Instruction in teaching. It also consists of 40 9 students of XI standard. Thus 80 students were the total sample selected for this study. Tools Used 1. Syllabus based CAI software packages were developed for the topic Chemical bond of XI Standard Chemistry. 2. Syllabus based Pre-Test and Post-Test Materials were prepared and validated. 3. Myers-Briggs Types Indicator (MBTI) Personality test was used. (Developed and Standardized by Jung, 1971) 4.The Personal data of the samples wer e collected through the questionnaire. statistical Techniques Used statistical techniques serve the fundamental purpose of the description and inferential analysis. The following statistical techniques were used in the study. 1. t test was applied to analyze the regardful hypothesis. 2. f test was used to find out the significance of relationship between the Sub-group variables. Analysis of Post-Test Performance The following table furnishes the data on the Post-Test performance of the Control and Experimental groups and also furnishes the significance of ifference between the achievement scores of students in various groups in detail. meaning OF DIFFERENCE mingled with THE execution gain OF THE consider AND EXPERIMENTAL GROUP IN PRE-TEST LEVEL Sl. No. Variable N blind drunk S. D. t Test Level of world-shaking 1 Control 40 14. 3 1. 9 0. 55 not Significant at 0. 05 level Experimental 40 14. 1 2. 16 10 SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFERENCE between THE ACHIEVEMENT SCORES OF THE CONTROL AND EXPERIMENTAL GROUP IN POST-TEST LEVEL Sl. No. Variable N Mean S. D. t Test Level of Significant 2 Control 40 71. 27 6. 44 17. 35 Significant at 0. 05 level Experimental 40 90. 6 2. 83SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE ACHIEVEMENT SCORES OF THE CONTROL AND EXPERIMENTAL GROUP IN DIFFERENT LEARNING OBJECTIVES SUCH AS KNOWLEDGE, UNDERSTANDING, APPLICATION AND SKILL Sl. No. Objectives Variable N Mean S. D. t Test Level of Significant 3 Knowledge Control 40 26. 08 2. 76 13. 88 Significant at 0. 05 level Experimental 40 32. 3 1. 11 4 Understanding Control 40 21. 3 2. 02 23. 58 Significant at 0. 05 level Experimental 40 29. 45 0. 85 5 Application Control 40 12. 2 1. 22 16. 05 Significant at 0. 05 level Experimental 40 15. 6 0. 55 6 Skill Control 40 11. 7 1. 21 4. 74 Significant at 0. 05 levelExperimental 40 12. 95 1. 07 SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE ACHIEVEMENT SCORES OF STUDENTS WITH jimmy TO GENDER, LOCALITY, KNOWLEDGE OF COMPUTER AND RESIDENCE Sl. No. Variable Sub Variable s N Mean S. D. t Test Level of Significant 7 Gender Boys 20 90. 5 3. 05 0. 221 Not Significant at 0. 05 level Girls 20 90. 7 2. 65 8 Locality Rural 24 90. 83 2. 61 0. 635 Not Significant at 0. 05 level Urban 16 90. 25 3. 17 9 Knowledge of Computer With Computer Knowledge 13 88. 84 2. 37 3. 11 Significant at 0. 05 level With out Computer Knowledge 27 91. 44 2. 66 10 Residence Hosteller 18 89. 66 2. 78 1. 94 Not Significant t 0. 05 level Day Scholar 22 91. 36 2. 68 11 SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE ACHIEVEMENT SCORES OF STUDENTS WITH RESPECT TO PARENTAL EDUCATION AND PARENTAL OCCUPATION Sl. No. Variable Categories Sum of Squares df Mean F Level of Significant 11 Parental Education Between Groups 9. 079 2 4. 540 0. 555 Not Significant at 0. 05 level Within Groups 302. 521 37 8. 176 Total 311. 600 39 12 Parental Occupation Between Groups 427. 746 5 8. 549 1. 08 Not Significant at 0. 05 level Within Groups 268. 854 34 7. 907 Total 311. 600 39 SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TH E ACHIEVEMENT SCORES OF THE CONTROL ANDEXPERIMENTAL GROUP IN DIFFERENT TYPES LEARNERS PERSONALITY Sl. No. Variables N Mean SD t Level of Significant 13 Extroversion 22 89. 09 2. 43 4. 59 Significant at 0. 05 level Introversion 18 92. 44 2. 12 14 Sensing 14 92. 14 1. 95 3. 07 Significant at 0. 05 level Intuition 26 89. 76 2. 91 15 Thinking 17 92. 29 2. 31 3. 8 Significant at 0. 05 level skin senses 23 89. 34 2. 53 16 Judging 15 88. 73 2. 96 3. 7 Significant at 0. 05 level Perceiving 25 91. 72 2. 09 SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE ACHIEVEMENT SCORES OF THE CONTROL AND EXPERIMENTAL GROUP IN FOLLOW-UP TEST Sl. No. Variable N Mean S. D. Test Level of Significant 17 Control 40 71. 25 7. 15 14. 8 Significant at 0. 05 level Experimental 40 89. 32 2. 89 FINDINGS 1. The calculated t take account 0. 55 is very much lesser than the particular foster 1. 99 at 0. 05 level of significant. This implies that the difference in the achievement of Control group and Experimental group is not significant. 12 2. The calculated t evaluate 17. 35 is very much greater than the critical value 1. 99 at 0. 05 level of significant. This implies that the difference in the achievement of Control group and Experimental group is significant. 3. The calculated t value 13. 8 is greater than the critical value 1. 99 at 0. 05 level of significant. This indicates that the difference in the achievement of Control group and Experimental group is significant in the learning objective Knowledge level. 4. The calculated t value 23. 58 is greater than the critical value 1. 99 at 0. 05 level of significant. This indicates that the difference in the achievement of Control group and Experimental group is significant in the learning objective Understanding level. 5. The calculated t value 16. 05 is greater than the critical value 1. 99 at 0. 05 level of significant.This indicates that the difference in the achievement of Control group and Experimental group is significant in the learning objecti ve Application level. 6. The calculated t value 4. 74 is greater than the critical value 1. 99 at 0. 05 level of significant. This indicates that the difference in the achievement of Control group and Experimental group is significant in the learning objective Skill level. 13 7. The calculated t value 0. 221 is very much lesser than the critical value 2. 02 at 0. 05 level of significant. This indicates that the difference in the achievement of Boys and Girls is not significant. . The calculated t value 0. 635 is lesser than the critical value 2. 02 at 0. 05 level of significant. This indicates that the difference in the achievement Rural and Urban area students is not significant. 9. The calculated t value 3. 11 is greater than the critical value 2. 02 at 0. 05 level of significant. This indicates that the difference in the achievement of students having with computer knowledge and without computer knowledge is significant. 10. The calculated t value 1. 94 is lesser than the critica l value 2. 02 at 0. 05 level of significant.This indicates that the difference in the achievement of Day Scholar and Hosteller students is not significant. 11. The calculated F value 0. 555 is lesser than the Critical value 3. 23 at 0. 05 level of significant. It implies that the difference in the achievement of the Student of various groups, based on their Parental Education is not significant. 12. The calculated F value 1. 08 is lesser than the Critical value 2. 48 at 0. 05 level of significant. It implies that the difference in the achievement of the Student of various groups, based on their Parental Occupation is not significant. 4 13. The calculated t value 4. 59 is greater than the critical value 2. 02 at 0. 05 level of significant. This indicates that the difference in the achievement of extroversion and introversion personality type students is significant. 14. The calculated t value 3. 07 is greater than the critical value 2. 02 at 0. 05 level of significant. This indicates that the difference in the achievement of sensing and intuition personality type students is significant. 15. The calculated t value 3. 8 is greater than the critical value 2. 02 at 0. 05 level of significant.This indicates that the difference in the achievement of Thinking and Feeling personality type students is significant. 16. The calculated t value 3. 7 is greater than the critical value 2. 02 at 0. 05 level of significant. This indicates that the difference in the achievement of Judging and Perceiving personality type students is significant. 17. The calculated t value 14. 8 is very much greater than the critical value 1. 99 at 0. 05 level of significant. This implies that the difference in the achievement of Control group and Experimental group students is significant. Summary of the FindingsThe major finding of the study reveals that Experimental method of teaching more effective than the Traditional method in teaching Chemistry. In other words teaching Chemistry by using C AI is more effective. There is no significant difference between the Control group and Experimental group in the pre-test. But in the post-test the Experimental group performed cleanse than the Control group. 15 Conclusion From the above study, the investigator has an idea that CAI provides greater opportunities for the students to learn. It is better than the traditional method of learning.It brings a new kind of experiences for the students in higher(prenominal) Secondary Schools. Therefore, the investigator desires that more number of Educational institutions should teach Chemistry by using CAI and make the process of teaching and learning more effective. References Aggarwal,Y. R. , (1998), Statistical Methods, Sterling Publications Pvt. ltd. , New Delhi. Best J. W. , (2003), Research in Education, Ninth Edition, Prentice abode of India, New Delhi. Gupta and Jangir (1998), Cell Biology fundamental and applications, Published Agro Botanica, Bikaner. Kent, W. A. Lewis, R. (1994) , Computers Assisted Learning in the Humanities and social sciences, Blackwell scientific publications, London. Lewis R. , (1997), Trends in computer assisted education, Blackwell scientific Publications, London. Mangal S. K. , (2005), Statistics in Psychology and Education, Second Edition, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi. Mridula D. Ranade (2001), Science Teaching through Computer Assisted Instruction Research Findings and Insights SNDT Womens University, Pune, India. Percival Fred (1994), A handbook of Educational Technology, Cogan pages Publishing House, London.

Architect Peter Behrens

The purpose of this analysis is to identify, define, and explain. It is a three straggle analysis that in addition has an Introduction and a Conclusion. The archetypal section discusses the Historical Background of the Architect, woodpecker Behrens. Behrens was natural in Ger some where he made a signifi skunkt contribution to the industry field. He brought the titles of Expressionistic, industrial Classicism, Jugendstil, and International Modern Style to his masterpieces. In fact, these bolts atomic number 18 explained in section two which is the Critical Analysis.Behrens buildings, Behrens provide, A. E. G. High Tension grind, I. G. Farben Offices, and New Ways are assigned p cheaticular styles based upon the way they were intentional and the year in which they were reinforced. The final section is the Building Analysis. Additional details are presumption for the Behrens House. These details are in stipulations of technicality, criticism, and building for the times. B ased upon the findings of this information, a Conclusion is drawn. Historical Background of the Architect Peter Behrens was pilot burnerly from Hamburg, Germ either. He was born in 1868.Behrens first-class honours decimal point profession was as a painter. However, graphic and applied blinds appealed to Behrens more. Thus, he re-channeled his energy to those areas and steered away from painting. In 1899, an invitation to attend the Artists Colony in Darmstadt enabled Behrens to establish a leadership role there. Yet, he would non stay put for long. Behrens next venture was in Dusseldorf where he was employed as the coach of the Kunstgewerkeschule. It was an interim position that sparked Behrenss interest in adding a unique geometric abstraction to his cultivate (Peter Behrens? 2007). The 1890s was the time detail when Behrens was located in Munich where he was employed as a painter and graphic artist. It is also when Behrens gained membership into the Jugendstil movement. H owever, it was not until 1893 that Behrens became one of the co-founders of the Munich Secession. Additionally, He produced woodcuts, colored (sic) illustrations, originations for book bindings and crafts objects solely shaped by the Jugendstil formal language ( animation Peter Behrens n.d. ). Artists and architects such as Augst Endell, Bernhard Pankok, Bruno Paul, Hermann Obrist, and Richard Vereinigte united forces with Behrens in 1897 to find the Vereinigth Werkstatten fur Kunst und Handwerk in Munich to produce handsewn utilitarian objects (Biography Peter Behrens n. d. ). These contributions to society were just as the word utilitarian means functional, unimaginative, and down-to-earth. Consequently, Behrens displayed humbleness in his work as wellhead.This side may also keep back been seeming(a) when Behrens joined forces in 1898 to design Pan, a Berlin journal as well as when he fashioned the first of his furniture designs (Biography Peter Behrens n. d. ). At the sam e time that Behrens was creating unique architecture that stirred up a lot of chatter and criticism, he was ankle-deep in leadership roles. For example, In 1899 Peter Behrens was appointed by Grand Duke Ernst Ludwig of Hesse-Darmstadt to the Mathildenhohe artists colony the Grand Duke had just established in Darmstadt (Biography Peter Behrens n. d. ).Naturally, having a position of such this caliber bestowed upon him by such a high prestige, this meant that Peter Behrens had earned respect, in addition to this honor, in the eyes of the Grand Duke. This could have been the origin why Behrens felt it time to build his own home. Designed as a total work of art, Haus Behrens caused quite a stir Behrens himself knowing the architecture and the interior with all its appointments and furnishings down to the last detail (Biography Peter Behrens n. d. ). Accordingly, Behrens was able to implement the Expressionistic style into his home.Perhaps this inner-creativeness is what caused the A EG to become interested in Behrens. The time between 1907 and 1914 led Behrens life to Berlin where he became an artistic advisor to the AEG. It was during this period in his professional career that Behrens became known as the person who created the human beings first corporate image (Peter Behrens? 2007, par. 2). Remarkably, Behrens work with the AEG was when he displayed a keen interest for designing architectural pieces that utilized the form and real(a) found in the industry field.Moreover, Behrens work helped pave a path for others to follow. Therefore, he can be considered a key figure in the renewing from Jugendstil to industrial Classicism. He indeed played a central role in the evolution of German Modernism (Peter Behrens? 2007, par. 3). During the time frame between 1922 and 1936, Behrens was schoolmaster to the Vienna Akademie der Bildenden Kunste which is an architecture department where he also taught (Biography Peter Behrens n. d. ). As a result, Behrens was ab le to play a significant part in the way Germans (and people, in general) perceive architecture.Furthermore, Behrens designed china, glass objects and patterned imoleum flooring for various companies. One of his last commissions, in 1938, was to plan a new AEG provide in Berlin (Biography Peter Behrens n. d. ). This was, of course, all accomplished before Peter died in Berlin in 1940 (Peter Behrens? 2007, par. 4). Fortunately, Behrens was able to put many of his ideas into his architecture. In addition, he was able to demonstrate a high level of skill and technicality in his work. Critical Analysis One of Behrens first works was the Behrens House.It was designed in 1901 and is located in Darmstadt, Germany. The brook is known for its fine dining rooms and music appeal. Its outline is one of the normal formats for a small burgeois house (Behrens House 2007, par. 1). However, its internal and external put forwardion was unusual, particularly for its combination of features drawn from the English Arts and Crafts movementwith elements such as the high-pitched roof drawn from the German Vernacular (Behrens House 2007, par. 1). In this sense, the word vernacular gives a strong indication that the German culture was evident in Behrens works.Vernacular is just another term for the word language. Thus, the Behrens House is characteristic of the Expressionistic style (explained later) as well as of Industrial Classicism which is basically an ideology in which human beings and machines can coexist. In this case, the word machine refers to buildings. Another of Behrens works is A. E. G. High Tension Factory (2007). The building was designed in 1910 and is located in Berlin, Germany. It is an industrial coiffe made of glass and iron. When Behrens created the building, he was able to incorporate a very unique and different ascertain to it.Behrens achieved a plastic effect and a propellant form of construction of the trusses, which were pulled to wards the outside, as well as through the tapering iron trusses and the glass areas which were drawn towards the inside (A. E. G. High Tension Factory 2007, par. 1). This look aroused many other architects and caused them to criticize Behrens. In fact, Luduig Hilberseimer wrote Peter Behrens is led astray by the imperialistic power consciousness of the prewar years and keep by classical influences, and he thinks to add a facade to his turbine hall of the AEG at Moabit, an otherwise terse structure (A.E. G. High Tension Factory 2007, par. 1). However, Behrens work really demonstrated Expressionistic, Jugendstil, and Industrial Classicism styles. Yet, it was also represented of the International Modern Style. Did knowing these things stop others from criticizing Behrens works? No. Another architect also had strong words to say about Behrens. In fact, Erich Mendelsohn criticized the building A. E. G. High Tension Factory He pastes over the expression of tension, which the hall creates, with the rigidity of a repeatedly broken temple tympanon (A. E. G.High Tension Factory 2007, par. 1). However, this meant the work was characteristic of the Expressionistic style. This style was A movement in the arts during the early part of the 20th century that emphasized subjective expression of the artists inner expressions (Peter Behrens? 2007). Of course, the expressionistic style occurred around the World War I era. Perhaps the strains of the war created a stir within the architects souls because Behrens was not the only artist to take up this style other German architects did as well (Peter Behrens? 2007).Consequently, maybe that is why some architects saw the beauty in Behrens masterpiece. Le Corbusieradmired the structure as being a charged center, which represents the constitutive(a) architectonic creations of our timerooms with admirable moderation and cleanness, with magnificent machines, which set solemn and impressive accents, as the center of attraction (A. E. G. High Tension Fac tory 2007, par. 1). This means that Behrens architecture was both Jugendstil and Industrial Classicism. Jugendstil is a cross between Art Nouveau and other unique styles (Jugendstil 2007).Art Nouveau is defined as a new form, an original artistic and decorative movement inspired by the idea of total art (Introduction to Art Nouveau 2007, par. 4). Behrens also put Jugendstil and Industrial Classicism styles into his offices. The I. G. Farben Offices were designed between 1920 and 1925. In fact, these buildings are located in Frankfurt, Germany. Behrens used brick masonry as the construction system for these commercial offices. He followed the Dutch Expressionist Modern style as well.This theatrical role of architecture was symbolic of both the theatrical play of light as well as the systematic use of slanting rafters which dish up to disrupt the overall rectilinearity (I. G. Farben Offices 2007, par. 1). Consequently, this building was reminiscent of the Expressionistic style as we ll. Again, in this style the artist puts his heart into his work. One of Behrens later masterpieces was New Ways. In 1926 Peter Behrens designed New Ways, a private dwelling in Northampton, which is regarded as an early example of the International Modern style (Biography Peter Behrens n.d. ). Carpenter (n. d. ) indicated, Need and demand inspires Art. International Modern Style buildings appeared in the early post war in the form of many lifesize industrial sized buildings (par. 1). During the years following the war, hospitals were needed for the wound and other buildings were needed to house soldiers after they were released from the hospital and before they could go home. Of course, this is mandatory when traffic with any war. However, back in the 1900s when World War I was occurring, people were not familiar with so many injuries.Thus, architects that were able to design establishments that would benefit the war contributed greatly to their countries. In fact, the German la nguage was present in Behrens Behrens House, as indicated in previous sections. Building Analysis The Behrens House is unique in nature. It was built to become Peter Behrens habitat, where he could display his ideas into his work in detail. Moreover, the house was where Behrens thought of some of his greatest ideas. In fact, it was discussed at the Wikipedia website that, Behrens built his own house and fully conceived everything inside the house (furniture, towels, paintings, pottery, etc. ). The building of this house is considered to be the turning point in his life (Peter Behrens Biography? 2007). It was the time period when Behrens went to the Expressionistic style and re-directed many of the thoughts he put into his architecture from the Jugendstil style. During this period, Behrens also steered away from the Munich artistic circles for which he had grown acquainted. Behrens became temperate and rigorous in his style of designs (Peter Behrens Biography? 2007). This was evide nt in the Behrens House. In fact, the construction system was made of brick and stucco facade, with a wood interior (Behrens House 2007).Thus, this gave the impression that Behrens had been life-threatening when he built this home. It could have been the strain of involvement with so many different things or the toil that war can bring to even citizens of the war, any(prenominal) the case, Behrens House was amongst the first designs that took Peter Behrens in a totally different direction. This would be the Art Noueau style (Behrens House 2007). Of course, this style brings the total package of art designs to the home. So, what are the technicalities behind this design? Well, architecture itself is a technicality.Egan (1998) wrote, In terms of architecture, before we decide how to build, we must decide what to build, and why (par. 4). Peter Behrens decided that he wanted to construct a home and then he built Behrens House to be his home. At the same time, Behrens knew his safe-have n would be the building ground for many of his ideas. This factor relates to Egans (1998) discussion in the fact that Egan said, the most challenging questions in architecture are not answered through laws of physics or technology they are questions of culture and psychology (par. 4).Behrens became Expressionistic around the time of World War I. Since the details in his architecture were somber, one could say that Behrens had seen some horrors of the war that had found a place in his heart and came out in his designs. Even so, Behrens still portrayed the fact he was a German by having the German culture displayed in his work. This answers the question of culture. Psychology is answered by the fact that Behrens went from Jugendstil to an Expressionistic style of design. Do these attributes imply that technicalities existed in Behrens design? Yes. However, Egan (1998) mentioned,the essence of architecture is not construction instead it is the design of spaces for humans. It includes spaces for humans, for their activities, for their treasures, and for their aspirations. Architecture uses the physical world of construction to shape, order, structure, articulate, and embody our spaces and our beliefs. (par. 4) This statement, in itself, gives way to the fact that Industrial Classicism existed. Industrial Classicism was considered to be the style that connected man with machine. Thus, Behrens tied himself with his architecture by building his own home and then working out of it.What type of mentality did this suggest of Behrens? It could be noted that Behrens had a Cognitive pragmatics mentality. Tirassa (1999) pointed out, Cognitive pragmatics is concerned with the mental process involved with intentional communication, that is, with the characteristics of the mind/brain that give up individuals belonging to the human (and possibly to other) species to intentionally communicate with each other (1). If this is the case, then Behrens was able to communicate his th oughts and aspirations with the design of his home in 1901. Architecture does not rely on oral communication.Therefore, Behrens was able to effectively communicate his design style, which everyone did not approve of. In order to fully understand what this means, the assumptions behind cognitive pragmatics must be given. Tirassa (1999) wrote, The first is that communication is best viewed as one form of social activity and that a theory of communication belongs therefore to the lead of action and social action rather than of language or of the transmission of information. The second is that communication involves some form of active cooperation between participants. (1-2)In architecture, this may not be entirely true. For example, Behrens critics picked up on his rigid style by viewing his buildings and so did those who enjoyed Behrens work. Therefore, on social interaction had to take place for this to occur. Additinally, not everyone was in agreement that the Behrens House was one of the best pieces of architecture of that time. However, the design had people talking. Unfortunately, not all the communication was goodas criticism was evident amongst some of the discussions (discussed earlier). So, was Behrens House a building for the times?Yes and no. It is because Behrens designed the home to last. Not only that, Behrens House received a lot of talk and during a time when war rages, opening up some form of communication is better than keeping it all bottled in until it explodes on its own. The main reason is because when/if that tension explodes in a negative manner, no telling what type of additional problems it will cause. Behrens House was also a building of its time because it allowed Behrens to express himself in such a manner, that he helped others go on to achieve great things.This was evident due to the contributions of architectural teachings and creations of utilitarian objects that Behrens brought to the world. On the other hand, Behrens design ma y not be the best building for all times. In the presence of war and ever-increasing technological advancements, Behrens House may not have been practical living quarters for a family on the move. In these times, houses can be built in a matter of days and those with a high degree of difficulty can be built in one week (as seen on ABCs, Extreme Makeover Home Edition). Yet, back in those days, houses could be rapidly assembled as well.An article about snail-like homes surfaced around 1943. It indicated that buildings, called Ratio Structures had been created and the buildings were being tested in The Bronx. The article also pointed out that these buildings were, Built on small cover piersand is unique having its framework, like a snails, on the outside. The Structure is composed of two practically independent parts 1) an arch-shaped roof made of insulated panels and supported by posts 2) rooms, formed of demountable inner & outer panels (sic) which can be shuffled around at will un der the roof.Thus the structure has no weight-carrying walls. (Houses Like Snails 1943). Consequently, these buildings were good for housing the injured and supporting the war. In fact, it was written that the Large unites could be changed to meet the requirements of homes, hospitals, recreation centers, storage, schools, etc. (Houses Like Snails 1943). These factors, alone, make Ratio Structures both durable and convenient for todays times as well. Moreover, this statement is relative to current war issues. This is because the article also mentioned,Under (sic) wartime restrictions the panels are made of celotex and wallboard. But they could be made of any material. Having no weight-carrying walls, the Wiener-Sert system uses only 50% of the structural lumber and 80% of the metal permitted by WFB. (Houses Like Snails 1943) What do all these things suggest about Behrens and his art? More than meets the eye. Conclusion Peter Behrens was able to listen to his heart and design the de sires therein. That speaks volumes of the man. Not too many architectures, let alone, people are willing to do something new.Many professionals and individuals, in general, are more concerned with what others might do, think, or say than they are with being different. Of course, World War I had a lot to do with the fact that Behrens changed the way he designed from the Jugendstil style to the Expressionistic style. Yet, what should be noted is that those were not the only two design styles of the architect. Behrens also created works that displayed the style of Industrial Classicism and International Modern Style as well. Therefore, Behrens House should be considered as groundwork to other masterpieces in his time.References A. E. G. High Tension Factory. vast Buildings. com. 2007. Kevin Matthews and Artifice, Inc. 17 may 2007 Behrens House. Great Buildings. com. 2007. Kevin Matthews and Artifice, Inc. 17 May 2007 Biography Peter Behrens. n. d. 17 May 2007 Jugendstil. Sense s Art Nouveau sprl. 2007. 17 May 2007 Carpenter, Steve.International Modern Style. n. d. 17 May 2007 Egan, Christopher K. Ideas in Architecture. 1998. Egan/Martinez Design. 18 May 2007 I. G. Farben Offices. Great Buildings. com. 2007. Kevin Matthews and Artifice, Inc. 17 May 2007 Introduction to Art Nouveau. Senses Art Nouveau sprl. 2007. 17 May 2007 Peter Behrens?. Answers. com. 2007. 17 May 2007 Peter Behrens?. Great Buildings. com. 2007. Kevin Matthews and Artifice, Inc. 17 May 2007 Peter Behrens Biography?. Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia. 17 April 2007. Berne Convention. 18 May 2007 Tirassa, M. Communicative competence and the architecture of the mind/brain. 1999. schoolman Press. 18 May 2007 House of Snails. Time, Inc. 24 May 1943. 18 May 2007