Social Class Essay Example for Free

Social Class EssayWould it be wiser to excogitate a new brand, or can it successfully market the same product to the nether and over 50s? 5. In view of the anticipated growth of the 50-plus market should Oil of Olay consider a new strategy for its face cream? Would it be wiser to develop a new brand, or can it successfully market the same product to the under and over 50s? 6. What kind of subcultural (ethnic, race, age and sex) segmentation would best advocate the marketer with the following products and services? 1. A digital microphone 2. An MP3 player 3. Jeans 4. Snap-chill meals 5. A new alcoholic lemonade 6. A holidaymaker package to Vietnam and Pakistan . A ad hominem telephone number 1. Some food goods, such as cans of pork, those heap who ar Moslem do not strike pork and roughlytimes they deputise beef for pork. In this scenario, it has been of importance that manufacturers cannot produce the food associated with pork if they tend to target Moslem market. Other wise, the customer of Moslem would be excluded. Take a Nutrilite as an example, it is a kind of nutritious medicine, like Blackmores in Au, it got different kinds of medicine, one of products is called protein powder that the muckle always going to gym should take after they bar the training.Also, for elders linked to the age subculture, the company produces each product in terms of rough illness that is potential to them when they get older. Meanwhile, the likelihood of illness will sink if these aged people insist taking it. 2. Baby boomers Those people are reaching the retirement age and they could be the largest customers using TV because they would spend separate of time at home. The company can give customers from the age of babyboomer some discounts once they plan to sign the contrast with Foxtel company duo to these people have potential to become the lasting customers.Generation X consist of people born from 1965 to 1979, this group of people has accepted the higher ed ucation already and some of them work in a big company, earning higher salaries. Those people are in no rush to marry. For advertising companies, they should stress the advantage (eg. Credibility and naturalness of ingredients) of Paying TV services. The advertising company should attract these people since they like music, fashions and language. Generation Y consist of people born between 1980 and 1994. Those people are more open to change and looking for next gadgets.These people use the internet almost everyday and the advertising company can have a try that linking the tv service to the internet. Also, this group of people is characterized by the informal groups, like friends and they favor to imitate what friends do. 3. The business can give the elders discount if they get the necessity, such as walking stick. Particularly, if some elders make a consumed decision, such as buy a new car, then the government should cut the assess rate that elders should pay by the mortgage o r cash.The allowance given to elderly depends on what sort of decisions they make and the income earn. 4 I think the oil of ulan should develop a new product since customers between 50 and over-50s have different skin. For instance, the skin with elders has more wrinkles and the company should design specific products for the people who are more than 50. The company can not market the same product but can develop a new brand that is a process of Oil of Ulan. As a result, the two brands can segment different groups of customers and position the products. . A digital microphone and an mp3 player) age. As young and older people have different aspects regarding the interests. The young people prefer to go to ktv and scour stay here overnight and a digital microphone is useful for those people as they utilize it to practice singing. While for olders, they are less likely to use this modern devices and the one they like maybe reading newspaper, opera, or walking in the park etc. Jeans) age and sex. Some famous brands of jeans, such as levis and lee are welcomed by young people.Particularly, the series of clot of Edison chen is so fancy that a large number of young fans like it. Also, some females like jeans as it could reveal the beautiful body when they wear it. Snap-chill meals and a alcoholic lemonade) ethnic. Some people from Mexico like chill very much and thats why in Mexico, there is a kind of lovesome chill called devil chill. However, some people from southern areas in China, those people like sweet food while people in northwestward like chill and beer since the weather is very cold and they eating chill to warm themselves.For a lemonade, some people like drinking beer. A tourist package to Vietnam and Pakistan) age. Nowadays, both young and older people like travelling. However, young people have more curious about the outside world and they prefer to have a look by travelling. A personal phone number) ethnical . Some religious people do not like s ome numbers like 4, they think 4 sounds like death in Chinese. Consequently, when they choose the cell number , they prefer to choose the lucky number even though they spending much more money to purchase the number.

Oedipus Fate and Outline Paper Essay Example for Free

Oedipus Fate and Outline Paper EssayThe play Oedipus the King, translated by Robert Fagles, is a story of playing period and tragedy. Oedipus pride and morals cause him to take indispensability into his sustain hands and it ends up blowing up in his face. He was abandoned as a fry and was raised by the king and queen of Corinth. When he reached humans, he was informed by an oracle that he would one day kill his father and draw his mother. He left Corinth forever and along his way he came to cart carrying his real father. Out of rage, he killed everyone including his father. In Thebes, he defeated the Sphinx. His reward was kingship and the at rest(predicate) kings wife, his mother. Oedipus tried to change his future but eventually fate caught up with him.Oedipus, as a king, was both caring and conceited. He talked as though everyone should know his name but at the same time worked to solve the illness that plagued his people. As an investigator, he was harsh, determined, and at times mean to the ones that he interrogated. As a husband and father, he was loving and caring, and as an arch-criminal, he was humble and accepting. His most predominant typical is being moral. He ran when he was told that he destined to kill his father and marry his mother. He gouged his eyes out when he found out that he was married to his mother and fathered her children. The characteristics that soften his as being moral were that he was prideful and determined. His pride and determination caused the events of his life to be brought to light and made him look unmoral.His personality causes him to continue with the investigation because he is prideful, determined, and in denial. His determination drives him to push the investigation into who killed King Laius. His pride keeps him from being the royal scapegoat when asked to be. His denial that he actually killed his father, married his mother, and fathered her children kept him investigation the death of King Laius. Even tually in the end he accepts his fate which hetried to avoid for a long time. He accepted his fate which was a humble and noble act by a king. Thats what makes his act the greatest act of kingship of all. He sacrificed himself for the betterment of his people knowing that he had done wrong and needed to be punished.In this play, Oedipus tried so very hard to control his own fate from the time he reached manhood to when it caught up to him. His fate caught up with him. Everything he didnt want to become and tried to avoid came true in the end. It was a tragic ending for a man who tried so hard not be who ended up being.Oedipus Fate OutlineThesis Oedipus the King tries to take fate into his own hands and it backfires. I. Discuss the character Oedipus as king, investigator, husband, father, and arch-criminal A. King is caring, investigator he is determined, as a husband and father he is loving, and as an arch-criminal he is loath(p) to give up powerII. What seems to be his predominant characteristicA. the Kings predominant characteristic is that he moralIII. Under what circumstances does he exhibit this characteristic A. He feels for his people and tries to find a heal for them to heal their sufferingIV. What additional characteristics does he have that soften this predominant characteristic A. Pride and Determination, they were the down fall of Oedipus V. How does his personality essentially force him to first begin his investigation A. He is caring and determined to find a cure for his people, which turned into an investigation into who killed King LaiusVI. In what way is this final acceptance perhaps the greatest act of kingship of all, thus showing forth his arte in the best light possible A.

Perception Of Interpersonal Relationships English Language Essay

Perception Of Inter psycheal Relationships English Language EssayLearning the perception of Interpersonal Relationships the past few weeks start out been a genuinely rewarding experience for me. I gain al counsellings enjoyed talking to large number, listening to people, and vindicatory being around people, but I never re bothy knew just how important converse was and being able to do it effectively. Ive learned many things in this course, but my focus for this paper is going to be interpersonal relationships.What ar interpersonal relationships? Interpersonal Relationships be very important when dealings with any kind of friendship. It is interaction with other person, usually in an in counterfeital setting, and is one of the trump government agencys to develop and retain an association. In order to do this, you mustiness have the ability to understand and get along with others. This is cognise as aflame intelligence being self-aware, managing emotions, encouraging yourself, recognize emotions in others, and managing associations. Self-awareness is having the capability to get a brusque distance from the emotion so that you will be able to look at it without being overwhelmed or react too promptly. Managing your emotions is expressing them in an approach that is suitable to the situation. Motivating yourself is setting a goal and disciplines yourself to do what you have to do in order to reach that goal. Recognizing emotions in others is having Empathy, which you are up to(p) of recognizing and sharing several(prenominal)one elses feelings, and its essential to human associations. In order to handle relationships, you must be capable of organizing others, and negotiating solutions when there are problems to be solved, and generally bond with others emotionally. You must also have a sense of balance and be capable of recognizing your own needs and know how to execute them.There is importance of emotional intelligence to strategic flexibility . You must have strong self-concept, which is the way you think close and rate yourself. The way you perceive people and the planet around you, and how fine you comprehend and cope with others have nonstop influence on your self-concept.Perception, emotional intelligence, and self-concept have a nonstop manner on strategic flexibility because they can either improve or weaken your capability to expect, evaluate, estimate, choose, and relate your skills and behaviors. The healthier your perceptive skills, the more probable your emotional intelligence is high and your self-concept is encouraging.While becoming familiarized to using strategic flexibility framework, you build up self-control with self-discipline. Listening to others becomes easier when you are secure in yourself. Your perceptions are more precise, your interpretation of nonverbal behavior of others and attempts to actually comprehend improves. There is a larger venture that you will be capable of managing relationshi ps more productively. Managing relationships is not an easy job. It is a learned behavior, and by having emotional intelligence can help you launch and expand enduring, significant relationships. Physical attraction is paying attention to somebody for the curtilage of the way they look. The attraction can also be sexual. It can be a reason for wanting to get to know someone, but is not usually the foundation for a durable relationship. Perceived gain is when we are mesmerized by someone because we assume we have something to achieve from them. We typically inquire about others in our same category, but for a moment we try to intermingle in with a higher category because we assume the awards will be of greater value.Similarities are when we are mesmerized by someone because we share our attitudes and beliefs or calculate knowledgeable about topics that are of concern and importance to ourselves. Our beliefs are convictions our attitudes are the felt beliefs that preside over how w e conduct ourselves. Compatibility is having related attitudes and personality, and enjoying the same activities.Differences are when people have very contrasting beliefs. This is usually very unlikely that a well-built and enduring relationship will be produced. But it is possible for people with different personality characteristics to be mesmerized by each other. Proximity is the close contact that occurs when people share an experience with each other such as work, play, or school.Another type of attraction is cyber attraction, which is when we depend on cues such as verbal communication, mode, time, tempo of text, and utilization of punctuation and emoticons. This gives us the chance of interacting with others scoop of the influence of physical attractiveness stereotype and the less significant number of cues has larger importance. A motive for interpersonal communication varies from person to person for the reason that each person has their own personalities and moods. When we take on a lot of interpersonal communication for pleasure, it is because it is fun. Affection is very important to happiness, whether it is articulated verbally or nonverbally. It is a heart-to-heart emotion. Inclusion is your association with others and is the most powerful human need. Belonging is everyones sense of well-being. Escape is used when we try to avoid doing something that we need to do. The newest form of escape is by computer. Chat rooms, e-mail, and surfing the net are ways of escaping without actually going anywhere. Relaxation is done to relax and unwind after dealing with the various activities of the day. Control is when you are capable of making choices. When it comes to health, it has been researched and shown that people with strong social ties live longer than those that isolate themselves. People whom are lonely are encouraged to join local clubs or organizations because of health-protective things. Cyber motivation is usually an amplified motivation beca use engaging in CMC is pleasurable and stimulating. It also has the capability of boosting self-esteem, and you are able to self-disclose with little risk of losing face. Relationships are governed by roles that the participants look forward to each other to play. They are for a time firmly clear and at other times the participants have the flexibility to identify them.The foundations for conversations are usually started with small talk. This allows a person to continue contact without making deep commitments. Some tips for the foundation of conversations are as follows introduce yourself in a way that allows the person the opportunity to respond to you give him/her a way to remember your name and personalize your greeting.Bids and the tender process is what hold relationships together. Bids are questions, gestures, looks, touches, or a distinct look so as to say I would like to feel attached to you. Responses to a bid can either be a positive or a negative answer to the call for emotional connection. Owned messages are acknowledgements of subjectively with the use of first person singular terms (I, me, my, mine). Self-disclosure is when a person tells another person something that they wouldnt typically make known to just anyone. Social acumen is the development of escalating both disclosure and intimacy in a relationship. It is the majority of the most extensively studied process in relational development.The process of self-disclosure is split into four partitionings, know as the Johari Window. The first section is the open pane, which includes information about yourself that you are willing to communicate with others, and you are unable to hide. The second section is the blind pane, which is kind of an accidental disclosure area. These are things that you dont know about yourself, but others know about you. The third section is the hidden pane, which is self-knowledge that is hidden from others. These are things you know about yourself that you dont want disclosed to others. The last section is the unknown pane, which is a nondisclosure area without any possibility of being disclosed because it is not known by you or by others. Self-disclosure is most rewarding when it leads to greater intimacy. Intimate relationships allow us to really be who we are and share who we are with another person. It should only occur in relationships that are of most importance to us.The essential elements of good relationships are vocal skills, arousing self-expression, chatty focus, nonverbal examination, chatty support, concern and enjoyment, dedication, and adjustment. outspoken skills are having the ability to carry ongoing conversations, or dialogues with your partner about the relationship itself. Emotional Expressiveness is your ability to bid and respond to bids based on the way your brain process feelings, the way your emotions were maintained in your home, and your emotional communication skills. Conversational Focus is what you and anot her person agree to talk about. Nonverbal synopsis is your capability to interpret amid the lines and explore nonverbal cues of another person. Conversational Encouragement is vocalizations that reveal to someone that you are listening and interested, and prompts them to go on with talking and involved their own ideas. Care and appreciation is a way of consistently using ways to communicate with a person whether you want a relationship with that person or whether you want to avoid that person. It is used mainly to foster a relationship. Commitment is the strong need by both parties for the relationship to go on and an eagerness by both parties to take accountability for the problems that come about in the relationship. Adaptation is the time and effort devoted to sustaining, heartening, and cultivation relationships, even the deep-rooted ones, and must be spent in both introspection and communication. It is important for you to speak, listen, agree, stay on track, and hold your r elationship in an affectionate view.Another way of forming interpersonal relationships is by the internet. You can benefit from internet communiqu because it promote vigorous contact and relations, offers stronger support systems for interpersonal relationships, allows people to be integrated into society and removes some barriers, reduces the cost of communicating with geographically distant acquaintances and strangers, increase social contacts beyond family and close friends, offers opportunities for communicating on an global altitude, and loosen the communal limitations that have traditionally protected morality and manners. Internet addiction can also be a problem. But it still affirms, reinforces, and assists in maintaining successful interpersonal associations.These are all the tools that aide in holding a relationship together. If you are not capable of adapting and adjusting your skills and behaviors, these tools are ineffective. So, it is very important to learn and develo p strong communication skills so that you can be more effective in your interpersonal relationships.Communicating Effectively, Eight Edition by Saundra Hybels and Richard L. Weaver II.

Contributory Factors To Formation Of ECOWAS

Contri yetory Factors To Formation Of ECOWAS scotch of westerly African State ECOWAS and SADC Confede wander African cultivation argon two of the numerous partingal integrating bodies in Africa. While ECOWAS is unity of the bodies that focus on West African economies, SADC focuses on s outhern African Economies.ECOWAS is a expanseal eubstance created on 25th May, 1975 during its first conference in Lagos, where it treaty was sign(a). The idea of having a united west African body was first proposed by the accordingly Nigerian head of staff, Yakubu Gowon. His idea was to collectively achieve a self-sufficiency through and through integration of the sixteen West African countries into an economic block with a single market control direct around an economic and m singletary union.the community started with a5 extremitys. Later on Cape Verde joined in 1976, and Mutituana withdrew it membership in celestial latitude 2000. At the moment, the commission has 15 members namely Be nin, Ghana, Benin, Nigeria, Sierra Le champion ,Liberia, Guinea Bissau, Mali, Senegal, Togo, Gambia, Cape Verde and Burkina Faso. Niger and Guinea have both been suspended payable to coup dtat incidences. in detail, the main objective of ECOWAS is to promote co-operation and integration in order to create an economic and monetary union for supporting economic process and development in West Africa, throughThe suppression of customs duties and equivalent taxesthe establishment of a common external tariffthe harmonization of economic and financial policiesthe creation of a monetary zone.However, due to the slow pace encountered in implementing this treaties, the treaty was revised in Continuo in Benin on July 23, 1993. The new treaty adopted a less rigid collaboration. The new treaty subdivided ECOWAS into The Commission, The Community Parliament, The Community Court OF Justice, ECOWAS Bank for Investment and culture (EBID). These institutions be intended to be the tools used to implement their policies. randomnessern African Development Community (SADC), in like manner, is a regional integration body that encapsulates Southern African countries. It is an inter presidencyal organization that primarily aims at achieving greater socio-economic corporation and integration as well as governmental and auspices collaborations among it 15 member states. The flow day SADC is actu every(prenominal)y product of the formerly existing Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC), which was formed in 1980. As the name of SADCC implies, it was only a conference since 1980 until the treaty was signed in Windhoek, Namibia, on 17th august, 1992 and SADC was form aloney created. After the signing of the treaty, it seized from being a coordinated conference to being a development community. The members are mainly southern African countries, namely Angola, Botswana, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibi a, Seychelles, South Africa, Swaziland, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe.The core objectives of SADC areHarmonise political and socio-economic policies and plans of Member StatesMobilise the peoples of the region and their institutions to take initiatives to develop economic, social and cultural ties across the region, and to participate fully in the implementation of the programmes and projects of SADCCreate stamp down institutions and chemical mechanisms for the mobilisation of requisite resources for the implementation of the programmes and trading operations of SADC and its institutionsDevelop policies aimed at the progressive elimination of obstacles to free movement of capital and labour, goods and services, and of the peoples of the region generally within Member States bring forward the development of human resourcesPromote the development, transfer and mastery of technologyImprove economic management and performance through regional cooperationPromote th e coordination and harmonisation of the internationalist relations of Member StatesSecure international understanding, cooperation and support, mobilise the inflow of public and private resources into the region andDevelop such other activities as Member States whitethorn decide in furtherance of the objectives of SADC.On 14 August 2001, the 1992 SADC treaty was revised. The revision shows a change in the structure, policies and measures of SADC. One of the trans make-ups is that political and security cooperation is include in the Organ on Politics, Defence and Security (OPDS). To achieve it objectives, the organisation was subdivided into 8 bodies. i.e. The Summit, comprising heads of state or heads of government, are at the top .OPDS, the Council of Ministers, Tribunal, SADC National Committees (SNCs), and the Secretariat.The formation of both bodies (ECOWAS and SADC) have been necessitated and expedited by m each factors ranging from social, geo graphic, economic, political and security factors. In the subsequent chapter, we shall discuss these factors in detail.DiscussionEconomic FactorsEconomic factor is one important factor that contributed to the formation of ECOWAS and SADC. Normally countries where they form economic Integration they have stable and close economic considerateness. The aim of this chapter is to compare the economic condition of member of ECOWAS and SADC. In this chapter we will investigate about key economic Indicators such as GDP (PPP), GDP (real growth rate), and Inflation Rate, Exchange rate, catamenia distinguish quietus and Central bank discount rate.ECOWASGDP (Purchasing power parity )First Key indicator is GDP (PPP). following(a) graph shows the divagation amid members of ECOWAS. The mediocre GDP of ECOWAS is 35.63 Billion. Nigeria got the highest GDP in the midst of member countries.bot rest of countries are bellow 50 billion USD per year.So we can say in some manner they have similar condition in GDP (PPP) and thei r GDP is nigh close to each other.GDP Real growth rateSecond Economic factor is Real GDP growth rate, because of 2009 finical crisis we cannot have clear picture of economic growth of ECOWAS, however the graph shows that only one member of ECOWAS experienced negative growth rate in 2009 and rest of countries experienced positive growth rate. The reasonable growth rate is 3.2Inflation rate come inflation in ECOWAS is 6.08% and Ghana got the highest inflation rate in ECOWAS which is 19.6% , and Niger got the lowest interest rate which is 0.1%Exchange Rate6 members of 15 members of ECOWAS use one kind of currency which Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) and their exchange rate is 1 USD = 481.35 XOF. So using one single currency make it easier for countries to form and an economic integration and member of ECOWAS have this advantage and it make them to be much successful to reach their economic goalsCurrent written report BalanceFollowing graph shows the current account balance of E COWAS member. CoteDIvoire is the only country which had positive current account balance in year 2009 which was 65 Million USD. Average current account balance is negative $16440 trillion.Central Bank Discount rate8 members of ECOWAS have same central bank discount rate which is 4.75%. highest discount rate between member countries belongs to Ghana. Having same discount rate is positive points for countries where they want to form an Economic Integration.SADCGDP (Purchasing power parity )First Kye indicator is GDP (PPP). Following graph shows the difference between members of SADC. The average GDP of ECOWAS is 76.67 Billion. South Africa got the highest GDP between member countries.bot most of countries are bellow 25 billion USD per year.So we can say somehow they have similar condition in GDP (PPP) and their GDP is almost close to each other.GDP Real growth rateSecond Economic factor is Real GDP growth rate, because of 2009 finical crisis we cannot have clear picture of economic growth of SADC, however the graph shows that 6 members of SADC experienced negative growth rate in 2009 and rest of countries experienced positive growth rate. The average growth rate is 0.33Inflation rateAverage inflation in SADC is 10.51%. Seychelles got the highest inflation rate in SADC which is 34%, In other hand Mauritius got the lowest interest rate which is 0.1%. over all they have similar condition.Exchange RateAverage exchange rate between SADC member countries is 1 USD = 836.1. The highest rate belongs to Lesotho and the lowest rate is for Zambia.Current Account BalanceFollowing graph shows the current account balance of SADC members. 3 countries have positive current account balance in year 2009. The average Current account balance is $165 Million. Angola got the best occurrence which shows that Angolas export is higher than its Import. However the rest of members got almost similar condition and their balance is almost near each otherCentral Bank Discount rateFollowi ng graph shows central banks discount rate of SADC members the lowest rate belongs to Mozambique which is 9.95 and highest belongs to Angola which is 19.57. the average rate is 13.65%.If we look closely we can see that the rates are very close to each other. and lending condition is almost similar in members country.Social and cultural factorBy overview the factor of formation of both African union (ECOWAS and SADC), similarity of society can be claim as one of the factor toward the formation for both of the union. Due to geographical reason, nations that locate in same regions will affect each other in all of their decision making. Moreover, society daily activity or culture may too spread easier from one nation to another within a region due to easier of contact in geographical reason.Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) was created on May 28, 1975 by signed of Treaty of Lagos. It is a regional group of 16 West African countries namely, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Ve rde, Cote d ivore, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and lastly Togo. ECOWAS was form for the purpose to achieve collective self-sufficient for the member states by means of economic and monetary union creating a single large trading bloc. De suffer the wide variety of cultures in West Africa, from Nigeria through to Senegal, thither are general similarities in dress, cuisine, music and culture that are not shared extensively with groups outside the geographic region.Islam is the predominant pastal religion of the West African interior and the far west coast of the continent Christianity is the predominant religion in coastal regions of Nigeria, Ghana, and Cote dIvoire and elements of indigenous religions are practiced throughout. Along with historic migrations, these religions have culturally linked the peoples of West Africa more than those in other part of Sub-Saharan Africa. Traditionally, musical and oral h istory as conveyed over generations by Griots are typical of West African culture. Many of the religious practices are Islamic, but most are Christian. However, over 50% of the West African populations are Islamic.Mbalax, Highlife, Fuji and Afro beat are all modern musical genres which enjoin listeners in this region. A typical formal attire worn in this region is the flowing Boubou (also known as Agbada and Babariga), which has its origins in the clothing of nobility of various West African empires in the 12th century. The Djembe drum, whose origins lie with the Mandinka peoples, is now a popularly played drum among many West African ethnic groups. The Kora is a 21-string harp-lute of Mandinkan origin, played by various groups in the region. The Djembe, Kora, the silk Kente cloth of the Akan. Peoples of Ghana and the distinct Sudano-Sahelian architectural style seen in the many mosques of the region are the primary symbolic icons of West African culture. The game Oware is quite pop ular in many parts of West Africa. Soccer is also a pastime enjoyed by many, either spectating or playing. The national teams of some West African nations, especially Nigeria, Ghana and the pearl Coast, regularly qualify for the World Cup.Britain controlled The Gambia, Sierra Leone, Ghana, and Nigeria throughout the colonial era, while France unified Senegal, Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso, Benin, Cte dIvoire and Niger into French West Africa. Portugal founded the colony of Guinea-Bissau, while Germany claimed Togoland, but was forced to divide it between France and Britain following First World War. Only Liberia retained its independence, at the price of major territorial concessions.Southern African Development Community (SADC) was formed in 1980. The origins of SADC lie in the 1960s and 1970s, when the attractions of majority- managed countries and national liberation movements coordinated their political, diplomatic and military struggles to bring an end to colonial and white-min ority rule in southern Africa. The nimble forerunner of the political and security cooperation leg of todays SADC was the informal Front Line States (FLS) grouping. SADC do have 15 members (Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Namibia, South Africa, Mauritius, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Seychelles, and Madagascar(suspended)) which all of them are from southern part of Africa.Southern Africa is home to many cultures and people. It was once populated by San, Namaqua and Pygmies in widely-dispersed concentrations. Due to the Bantu expansion which edged the previous peoples to the more remote areas of the region, the majority of ethnic groups in this region, including the Zulu, Xhosa, Swazi, Ndebele, Tswana, Sotho, and Shona people, BaLunda, Mbundu, Kikuyu and Luo, speak languages which share common Bantu language traits. The process of liquidation and machinatetling resulted in a significant population of European (Afrikaners, Anglo-Africans, Portuguese Africans, etc.) and Asian descent (Cape Malays, Koreans, Indians, etc.) in many southern African countries. The region has a wide diversity of ecoregions including grassland, bushveld, karoo, savanna and riparian zones. Even though considerable disturbance has occurred in some regions from habitat loss due to human overpopulation, thither remain significant numbers of various wildlife species, including White Rhino, lion, leopard, impala, kudu, blue Wildebeest, Vervet monkey and elephant. Moreover most of the southern Africa country did produce raw material like gold, diamonds, and iron ore.Political and security factorsBesides trade and the benefit of the efficiencies of a regional market, the reason for the establishment of a regional block, is to promote political progress, more especially for government which have been installed due to majority votes of its electorates and the population in a democratic election. The report stresses democratically ele cted government for a few reasonsTo ensure that checks and balances are properly in place, thereby preventing against the concentration of power in a particular political office.To ensure that the views of the people are properly addressed, somewhat ensuring that the government is installed to ensure socio-economic development.These and some others are the reasons why we focus on democratically elected government.Furthermore, there are presently 16 countries in the ECOWAS, with the exception of Republic of Guinea and the Republic of Niger which recently were taken over by military juntas ( more on these nations will follow ) all the other members of the ECOWAS countries are ruled by democratically elected governments. country OF greaseballIn December of 2008 a military coup led by a junior officer in the Guinean army, Captain Moussa Dadis Camara, seized power in a bloodless coup later on the death of prexy Lansana conte, by and by years of hanging on to power. As mention earlier , the report focuses on democratic governments and this was displayed when people were killed by the military under the new government. Human Rights trace accused members of the presidential guard of carrying out a premeditated massacre of at least 150 people at the rally and raping dozens of women.REPUBLIC OF NIGERThe ousted president of the republic is president Mamadou Tandja, who dissolved parliament after the countrys constitutional court ruled against plans to hold a referendum on whether to allow him a terce term in office. According to the constitution, a new parliament was elected within three months.This touched off a political struggle between Tandja, trying to extend his term-limited authority beyond 2009 through the establishment of a Sixth Republic, and his opponents who demanded that he step down at the end of his second term in December 2009.Besides the example of Guinea and Niger, the political situation in the western Africa sub region, have been marred by confl icts, civil, societal, political and tearing changes in government and revolts.In Sierra Leone, the Congo and Liberia, we have conflicts that erupted from the disagreements for the control of the nations colossal deposits of Diamonds. This act put these countries in a state of chaos, and also led to the enslavement of individuals, some of whom were used to mine for diamonds at gun point. There were also reports of child soldiers in Liberia and Sierra Leone. The conflict in sierra loane was reportedly initiated by a former corporal in the sierra leoeneian army, Foday Sanko, and he was rumored to be supported by former rebel leader and president of Liberia president Charles Taylor. After years of conflicts, these nations have however achieved relative recreation, with new and hopefully stable democratic governments.The political situation in the southern region of Africa is one of relative peace and stability. With the exception of Zimbabwe which has had some unrest due to a change in government policies and a shift in the political situation of the nation. The same also lies for Madagascar, which had a change of government in a bloodless coup, by the mayor of the capital (Antananarivo) the nation was subsequently suspended from the SADC after the fact.Regional peace and securityECOWAS became concerned early on with peace and regional security which are necessary factors in the socio-economic development of the Member States. Thus, the dresser of Heads of State and Government adopted a non-aggression protocol in 1978, a disaffirmation assistance protocol in 1981 and a declaration of political principles in July 1991. This declaration which is a plea for democratic principles in the sub-region condemns unequivocally any seizure of power by force of arms. It must also be pointed out that in 1990 the Authority of Heads of State and Government created an ECOWAS cease-fire follow-up group called ECOMOG. This peace-keeping force had cause to intervene in Liberia, Sierra Leone and Guinea Bissau.LIBERIAAfter it had been deployed in the Republic of Liberia in August 1990, ECOMOG worked there to restore peace, ensure security and law and order. It also engaged in many humanistic activities aimed at reduction the sufferings of the people. In sum, ECOMOG helped considerably to create favourable conditions for the holding in Liberia of the free and democratic presidential and parliamentary elections of 19 July 1997.Eleven Member States of ECOWAS provided contingents for the operations in Liberia these are Burkina Faso, Cte dIvoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo.Two other African States also participated, Uganda and Tanzania.SIERRA LEONEThe intervention of ECOMOG forces in Sierra Leone occurred following the overthrow of the lawful government of this country headed by President Ahmed Teejan KABBAH. In February 1998, ECOMOG restored constitutional legality and reinstated the government of the democratical ly elected President.All the antagonists in the conflict, namely, the lawful government, the RUF rebels and the members of the (AFRC) military Junta signed in Lome in September 1999 an agreement protocol on the final settlement of the Sierra Leonean crisis. Following the appeals made to the international community for it to wear out meaningful assistance for a final restoration of peace, a United Nations peace-keeping force UNAMSIL replaced ECOMOG forces in Sierra Leone. The ECOWAS countries which provided contingents for ECOMOG operations in Sierra Leone are Ghana, Guinea, Mali and Nigeria.GUINEA BISSAUIn June 1998, units of the armed forces of Guinea Bissau led by the former Chief of Defence Staff went into rebellion. On account of the bilateral defence and security agreements that linked his country to Guinea and Senegal, President Joao Bernardo Vieira asked for the intervention of the armed forces of these two countries. At the request of the lawful authorities of Guinea Bissau and in order to reaffirm its support for the elected government of Guinea Bissau, the ECOWAS Authority of Heads of State and Government decided to restore peace and reinstate President Vieira in authority over the entire country. A mechanism for supervision and control of the cease-fire was set up by ECOWAS with the contingents of soldiers sent by Benin, Niger and Togo.In spite of the numerous cease-fire agreements signed between the parties to the conflict in Guinea Bissau, the democratically elected government of President Vieira was finally overthrown. Drawing lessons from this failure and in order to reinforce peace and security in West Africa, the Executive Secretariat of ECOWAS initiated the establishment of a mechanism for the prevention, management and settlement of conflicts and for the maintenance of peace and security in the sub-region.The ECOWAS Mechanism For Conflict Prevention, Management And Resolution, Peace-Keeping And SecurityOur sub-region has been ravaged in rec ent times by violent upheavals which, each time, have resulted in the wholesale loss of human lives, wanton destruction of property, and suffering and desolation for the innocent civilian population.These civilians are frequently pushed by famine and disease into taking refuge in neighboring countries or becoming displaced persons within their own countries.It is fortunate that on each occasion, the ECOWAS sub-region, unlike the other regions in Africa, has been able to set in motion ad hoc conflict resolution procedures which have made it possible to circumscribe its crises. ECOWAS peace-keeping activities have in the main been considered commendable despite a few shortcomings noted.However, in view of the heavy human, material and financial cost of such conflicts and their negative impact on the development of the states concerned and on the sub-regional integration process, it has now become necessary to shift emphasis from conflict resolution to conflict prevention.To this end , but also for better management of full scale conflicts as well as internal crises which are now the most common, the Heads of States and Government decided at their meeting in Lome on 17 December 1997, to establish a mechanism for conflict prevention, management and resolution and for peace-keeping. The scope of the mechanism would be extended to include security-related issues.With respect to conflict prevention, management and resolution, appropriate proposals were advanced regarding the establishment of an observation and monitoring system and a number of organs that would assist in containing and defusing imminent conflicts. The observation system would lie down essentially in the establishment of a regional network within which states would be grouped into zones. A Regional Observation and Monitoring Centre should be open within the Executive Secretariat to give warning of impending crisis. All information having a bearing on regional peace an security collected by zonal bu reaux would be transmitted to the centre. The centre will record and analyze all such data and take action on any signs of a breakdown in relations between Member States or of alarming socio-political developments within Member States. Four (4) observation centers were created with headquarters in Banjul (The Gambia), Cotonou (Benin), Monrovia (Liberia) and Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso). The necessary political implications can quickly be drawn and appropriate measures taken. To facilitate this process, it is proposed that a Council of Elders and a Mediation and Security Council should be established.It was proposed to use African traditional practice as a guide and establish a Committee of Elders made up of eminent personalities from the sub-region, Africa and beyond, who would use their vast experience, good offices and competence on behalf of ECOWAS to play the role of mediator, conciliator and arbiter. Its members would be chosen by the Executive Secretary in consultation with the Chairman of Council as and when the need arose.A Mediation and Security Council comprising nine Member States will be empowered, on behalf of the Authority of Heads of State and Government, to take such emergency decisions as may be required in crisis situations. It is proposed that the Mediation and Security Council should consist of 9 Member States elected for a two year mandate, and that the current and immediate past chair should have automatic membership on the Council. The Council may consider and make recommendations on issues within its area of competence within any or all of the following bodies the Committee of Ambassadors of the nine (9) Member States the Committee of Ministers of Foreign Affairs, Defence, Internal Affairs and Security, and the meeting of Heads of State of the ECOWAS Mediation and Security Council.These contrary bodies may solicit the opinion of defense and Security Commission. Membership of the Commission shall be dictated by the issues for discussion. Member States may therefore be stand for by their Chief of Staff, security chiefs, experts from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, heads of immigration, Customs, narcotics, or border patrols. The Commission shall examine the technical aspects of defense matters and advise on the requirements of the administration and logistics support for peace-keeping operations.In cases of armed conflict, ECOWAS shall employ both political and military intervention. The term ECOMOG shall continue to designate the military instrument of ECOWAS. ECOMOG shall be based on a understudy arrangement involving the use of national contingents that shall be earmarked, trained and equipped, and organised for deployment at short notice.Another major innovation is the proposal that ECOWAS should intervene to undertake peace-keeping operations in internal conflict where the situation threatens to trigger a humanitarian disaster pose a serious threat to peace and security in the sub-region erupts following the ov erthrow or attempted overthrow of a democratically-elected government.The draft mechanism lays down the procedure to be followed where the decision is taken to intervene. Proposals are also made regarding the composition of ECOMOG, its chain of command, duties and functions and funding for administrative and logistics support.In order to correct the impression that ECOWAS has failed, in previous operations, to adequately support its peace-keeping operations with humanitarian action, it is suggested that, in situations of conflicts or natural disasters, ECOWAS should ensure a high profile with regard to alleviating the suffering of the populace and hastening the return of normalcy. A number of recommendations were made in respect of this and of peace-building.The scope of the mechanism was widened to include security issues, in accordance with the directives of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs, Internal Affairs and Security.A number of recommendations in the draft mechanism attempt t o address the concerns of our leaders concerning the movement of light weapons and ammunitions and the increasing incidence of cross-border crime.The Executive Secretariat has sought to combat small arms proliferation more in effect by preparing a draft declaration of a moratorium on light weapons based on the moratorium presented by Mali on the importation, exportation and manufacture of light weapons and the broadcast for Coordination and Assistance for Security and Development (PCASED).The draft declaration has been adopted by the Heads of State and Government.The European Union generously made available to ECOWAS an amount of 1.9 million Euros for undertaking certain operational activities of the mechanism.Having addressed the issue of a security outfit in western Africa, it is worthy to note that the SADC does not have an established military outfit.RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONSADCThe community adopted objectives to look out for the welfare of the member states. In dealing wi th matters of anything against this i.e violation of human rights all must be put in correcting and condemning such situations. However this has not been the case on the ongoing Zimbabwean catastrophe, in fact this is one of SADC s biggest failures. In attending to the matter in which Robert Mugabe has been in power for 40years now, in which he unlawfully took land from white people who contributed a lot to the economy through farming giving it to poor black people who cannot even do anything with it, breaking his own black peoples houses. The opposition took a stand against all the premature that was going wrong in the country earning many of them brutal military attacks, many died, many imprisoned for no good reason the opposition leader even ran to Botswana after alleged rumors of plots to kill him by the Robert-led millitary. All that SADC did was send the former South-African president Thabo Mbeki for peace talks between the ruling ZANUPF and the opposition MDC. This labour c ould be applauded however Thabo Mbeki happens to be one of Roberts best friends back from the colonialism days they fought for freedom together, which is why he and SADC adopted the silent diplomacy way to go about the matter. This proved very useless the situation worsened civilians were killed everyday for opposing the ruling party, many people died of diseases even worse the economy collapsed, taking things to the core the world imposed sanctions on Zimbabwe. The world spoke SADC kept saying we will do things our way. This is to say SADC needs more efficient, effective and stronger methods in matters involving peoples lives. They should condemn when democracy is not well practiced only Botswana and Namibia took a strong stance to say this is inhuman and the situation should be given more seriousness. Silent diplomacy is not working more power-backed methods must be put in place to see to it that peoples rights are not violated ,democracy an rule of law are seen to.There is a cont inuing loss of millions of lives to HIV/AIDS but the message is being spread on how to prevent infection. It then becomes a problem when a prominent leader in society like Jacob Zuma the current South-African president promotes promiscuity otherwise. The man is married to five women but 2years back he was involved in a rape scandal in which he was alleged to have raped an HIV positive women sagacious of her status but not caring to get infected and passing it on to his wife. The man hid behind culture

Comparison between SOAP and REST

Comparison between pocket and backupDickriven ChellemboyeeTable of Contents (Jump to) rearIntroduction to Softw ar ArchitectureService-Oriented ArchitectureResource-Oriented ArchitectureWeb table value muckREST relaxingFeatures strapWS-*RESTDescription vocabularyWSDLWADL message FormatXMLJavaScript endeavor NotationPros and ConsPros of SOAP everywhere RESTCons of SOAP over RESTStatisticsReal Life ScenarioConclusionReferencesList of FiguresFigure 1 Basic network aidFigure 2 Comparison of entanglement run usage in 2006 and in 2011Figure 3 Web service with JSON declareFigure 4 New web service with JSON support onlyFigure 5 Web service with XML supportAbstractThe principal(prenominal) aim of this document is to describe the two common software architectures mostly mapd in distri onlyed system namely Service-Oriented Architecture and Resource-Oriented Architecture.The document provides a high-ranking comments of the two software architectures and murder of those software architectures in the form of web serve. Web services allow interaction between applications. Web services are compared and contrasted. The document describes and compares the differences between two types of web services namely SOAP-based web service and REST-based web services.Introduction to Software ArchitectureService-Oriented ArchitectureService-Oriented Architecture is a archetype aims to improve flexibility by organizing and utilizing clients of a network 1. SOA enables the realization of business functionalities by allowing interactions between service providers and service consumers 2. SOA turn application functions into services which can be consume by other applications over a network. A service describes the business function, self-contained and developed independently. It is defined by a verb, for example validate user 3. Services are simply a collection of service with independent method actings.Resource-Oriented ArchitectureResource-oriented architecture is based on the concept of resource. It entangles retrieving particular resource instance and it has operations for resource lifecycle management that is to create, read, update and delete resource. Requests are stateless, matchless request has no connection with the next integrity. Resources are identified by some address and selective information included within the request 4.Web serviceA web service is a node of a network accessible interface to application functionalities that is a set of particularations to support interoperable machine-to-machine interaction 2 5. The communications protocol and the format that are used for specific services are defined in those specifications.Figure 1 shows a basic web service where communication is done between two machines with varied operation systems (Windows and Linux) and built with different programming language (Perl and Java).Figure 1 Basic web serviceSOAPSOAP originally Simple Object Access Protocol, is a set of rules for commutering or ganised development by the use of web services. SOAP uses XML based for transferring of information in a distri simplyed computing style. SOAP is independent of transport protocol that is it can use any transport protocol for example HTTP, FTP, TCP, UDP, etc. 6. SOAP has been developed by Microsoft to replace quondam(a) technologies like CORBA and DCOMSOAP has an RPC architecture, all web service are message-oriented as HTTP itself is message-oriented, SOAP uses a second envelope inside the HTTP one, that contains XML data which is a description of a RPC call similarly as XML-RPC. This is how SOAP is used to call a remote function or what the return value from a function. scoopful message contains data, the action to perform, the headers and the error details in the case of failure 6. It uses interfaces and named operations to expose the business logic. It makes use of WSDL to describe the services for client to use and UUDI to advertise their existence 6.RESTRepresentational Stat e Transfer is a set of software architectural style for distributed computing system like the innovation Wide Web. REST is not a protocol. The REST term originated by Roy Fielding in his doctoral dissertation. Roy Fielding is one of the main author of the HTTP protocol specification. The REST term has quickly come in practise in the network community 7. REST tries to fix the problems with SOAP and provides a truly method of using web services 8. REST do not require to add another messaging layer to make the transfer to message as oppose to SOAP, REST transfer its message in the HTTP request. It concretes on design rules for making stateless services.Request and response are built by the transfer of representational of resources. A resource can be essentially the data (object) that may be addressed 6. Rest recognizes everything as a resource (e.g. User). for each one resource has a standard uniform interface, usually an HTTP interface, resources have a name and addresses (URIs). Ea ch resource serves a unique resource since each uniform resource locator are unique. The different types of operations that can be performed on the resource are done by the different HTTP operations also fill outn as HTTP verbs which are GET, PUT, broadcast and DELETE. Each resource has one or more representation (JSON, XML, CSV, text, etc.) and the resource representations are transferred across the network 6. REST allows the creation of ROA but it can be used for both ROA and SOA 3.RESTfulA RESTful web service is the implementation of REST principles.HTTP MethodsGET ownUser retrieve user informationDELETE deleteUser delete userPUT createUser create userHEAD getInformation get meta informationPOST updateUser modify user informationFeaturesSOAPmugwump of transport protocol (http, ftp, tcp, udp , or named pipes) 6It can perform asynchronous processing and invocation (e.g. JAX-WS)It caters for complex operations which require conversional state and contextual information to be maintained.WS-*SOAP has a different set of XML stickers for its SOAP envelope to provide enhance features to transport its message. These specifications are analogous to HTTP headers. Some of these specifications are described at a lower placeWS-SecurityEnterprise security features are provided by the WS-Security standards. It supports identity through intermediaries, also provides the implementation of data integrity and data privacy 9.WS-ReliableMessagingProvides reliable messaging that is a successful/retry process built in and provides reliability through soap intermediaries 6. REST dont have such feature indeed it should deal with failures by retrying the request.WS-TrustEnables issue, renew and validate security tokens.WS-AtomicTransactionACID transactions over a service, REST is not ACID compliant. 9RESTDoes not put on message format as XML or JSON or etc.It has a good caching infrastructure which greatly improve performance when the data is not altered often or is not dynamicSecurity is provided by the transport mechanism (SSL), it does not have dedicated concepts for each, it relies predominantly on HTTPSDescription LanguageWSDLThe Web Service Description Language is used to describe SOAP interface in XML format. A client can read the file and know exactly which methods it can call and the signatures of the methods. The client can discover services automatically and generate useable client proxy from the WSDL. Most SOAP web services would be very incompetent to use without it. The WSDL is a machine-readable file that is an application can parse it and knows how to make a service call.When a service method is called, a POST request is made to the endpoint of the SOAP service which is a single URL for all API call and only POST requests can be made. The signature details are found in the WSDL document.WSDL version 2 caters for HTTP verbs and it can be recyclable for documenting RESTful system but it will still very verbose 6.WADLThe Web Appl ication Description Language is used to describe RESTful web services using XML grammar. A client can load the WADL file and access the functionality of the RESTful web services directly. A WADL is normally less verbose than a WSDL 6. However since RESTful web services have simpler interfaces, the WADL is not mandatory as opposed to WSDL is to SOAP-based web services.Message FormatXMLA client requires an XML parser in order to get the information from the XML document. The parsing of XML has to go through different stages (character conversion, lexical analysis and syntactic analysis) before machine can interpret it. The parsing of XML document can take a lot of time since XML is a very verbose document and as the XML document gets longer very much more time is taken to parse it.By replacing XML document with a remote call, there will be a great performance improvement if both sides of the application uses the same binary logic 10.JavaScript Object NotationXML is mainly used by mo st web services for request and response messages but a growing anatomy of web services are using simple data structures (such as numbers, array) serialized as JSON-formatted strings. JSON is expected to be used by a JavaScript call it is much easier to get a JavaScript data structure from JSON than from XML document. Web browsers dont have a standard JavaScript interface for XML parser as every browser has a different interface for treating XML document. JSON is normally just a string with some constraints with JavaScript so we can say that JSON string is interoperable on all web browsers. JSON is not attached to JavaScript but an alternative data serialisation to XML. JSON is a simple language-independent method of formatting complex data structures (e.g. array, object, etc.) as string. 11Pros and ConsPros of SOAP over RESTSome programming languages provides some shortcuts, reducing the effort needed to build a request and parse the response. For example with .NET technology, the XML is invisible in the user codes 8.SOAP has more mature tool support as compare to REST, but this is likely to change in the future 12.No native support for SOAP in mobile, even though there are third-party libraries to bring SOAP support, out of the box SOAP support is not available. 13SOAP has a lot of rules thus make it restrictive as compared to REST in the implementationCons of SOAP over RESTIt is much simpler to implement REST as compared to SOAPThe learning curve for REST is smaller than SOAPThe difficulty lies greatly in the chosen programming language to develop it since some IDE automatize the process of generate or referencing the WSDLHas support for error handling and the error reporting provides a standard error codes which can be very useful to handle the request and response in the application consuming it.SOAP is sometimes considered to be slower than legacy system such as CORBA or ICE because of being too verbose 14While some programming language provides some s hortcut to SOAP services, it can be very cumbersome in some others such as JavaScript since an XML structure needs to be created each time a request should be made.Distributed environments is best suited for SOAP whereas REST assumes an end-to-end communicationHas strict set of rules for every stage of implementation while REST provides a concept and less restrictive with the implementationUses strongly type messages, which is a problem for loosely coupled systems. If type signature of an operation is changed, all the clients that was using it will failed 15.REST is flexible for data representation, it is easier to understand as they add an element of using standardized URIs and give importance to HTTP verb used. They are lightweight as they dont need additional XML mark-up 6. SOAP uses XML structure which make it slow as compareStatisticsA comparison of web services protocol, styles in 2006 and in 2011 from more than 2000 web services are shown below. It clearly demonstrate that m ost developers have moved from SOAP to REST. The interest in REST is growing very rapidly whose those in SOAP is declining 16.Figure 2 Comparison of web services usage in 2006 and in 2011 Figure 3 Web service with JSON support Figure 4 New web service with JSON support only Figure 5 Web service with XML supportReal Life ScenarioAmazon has SOAP and REST based web services and around 85% of their usage is from the REST-based web service 17. Although all the beautiful name with SOAP, it is an evidence that developers like the simpler one, that is the REST one 18.Google has deprecated its SOAP services in favour of a RESTful, resource oriented service 11Nelson Minar, used SOAP-based web service to design Google API for Google search and AdWord, he stated to be wrong for choosing SOAP 15.ConclusionSOAP is more useful for complex web service or when there is critical data involve such as banking transaction where retrying the same request can be very critical. If one need a web service u p-and-running quickly, it is better to trigger off with REST rather than SOAP. REST is a good option for web service which are meant to be simple, lightweight and fast. However after using one of the web service, it can be almost impossible to change it to the other one. It would be cheaper to re-build the web service.When making your decision on which type of web service to use, the decision should be which one best meets the requirements with the chosen programming language and in which environment it will be used.Even though SOAP is meant to be flexible to change, add new features, expanding it. It is not the case in practise by the use of strongly-type as it can make existing client to close off working just by changing the type of method signature.References1

CASE: Paul Cronan and New England Telephone Company (A) Essay -- Legal

CASE Paul Cronan and New England Telephone Company (A)I.LEGAL CASE ANALYSISA.FactsPaul Cronan was hired by New England Telephone (NET) in 1973 as a file clerk. In 1983 he was promoted to service technician. He break awayed in Needham, Massachusetts for 18 months before transferring to in the south Boston, Massachusetts. In 1985, Cronan suffered from medical examination symptoms due to AIDS-related complex (ARC), and missed work sporadically for 6 months. In June, 1985 Cronan requested a third leave of absence from work for a doctors appointment. Cronans supervisor, Charles OBrian, demanded to know the nature of the illness, and assured him that the information would be kept confidential. Cronan informed OBrian that the illness was AIDS-related, whereupon he received the work excuse to see his doctor. OBrien informed his supervisor, Paul Cloran, of Cronans AIDS status, who in turn informed his own supervisor. The following day, in accordance with company policy, OBrien mandated tha t Cronan see the company physician. After a 10 minute physical examination Cronan was sent home.Two days later, a coworker informed Cronan that news of his AIDS-related illness had spread around his co-workers, and that threats of physical violence were made against Cronan should he return. Fearing for his safety and health, Cronan requested medical leave, which was granted. He began receiving company-paid medical benefits, prime(prenominal) departmental sickness benefits, then illness benefits. Illness benefits were extended several times to 12 months total.In August 1985, Cronan wished to return to work. His new supervisor, Richard Griffin, stated that in accordance with company policy a medical certificate from his physician certifying his ability to return to work was required. Cronan obtained the certificate but also requested a transfer to another location. He did not receive a response to his request and did not return to the South Boston facility, fearing that he would be p hysically harmed.In September 1985, Cronan was hospitalized with AIDS. During this hospitalization he received a letter of condolence from Griffin offering a return to his previous position with no mention of a transfer or new assignment. In December 1985, Cronan filed a lawsuit assisted by the Civil Liberties Union of Massachusetts for $1.45 one thousand thousand in state court, alleging invasion of privacy and ... ...cable illness that puts the workers at risk or requires medical evaluation. Even if the spreading of this private information were inadvertent, processes should be in place to prevent such occurrences. The potential for the development of bigotry or a hostile work environment requires an good response. The foreknowledge of Cronans judge return to work at NET in any capacity mandates that he be allowed to work in a harmonious and safe environment. As ignorance was the main impetus for the majority of the behaviors noted by Cronan, education would be the solution. T he ethical course of action would be initially providing widespread company dissemination of the policy regarding AIDS in the workplace, followed by intense education of the workers about AIDS. An overall policy of intolerance of any harassment should be published and enforced.Finally, the ethical response to Cronan individually in the situation as listed in the narrative would be to find him a position constrained only by the limits of his medical condition where he would find job satisfaction in a workplace environment free of hostility and sexual harassment, with relocation provided if necessary.

The Theatrical and Ritual Aesthetics of Signifying :: essays research papers

Signifying is a way people (usually in a weak position) use coded language to fool a person (usually in a position of power) who doesnt understand the play on words. The origin of signifying goes back to the African tale of the Signifying tinker. The Signifying Monkey is a trickster figure of Yoruba mythology withal called Esu-Elegbara in Nigeria and Legaba among the Fon in Dahomey. Signifying uses one word, preserves its original meaning, but puts another oppositional layer of meaning over it. The word is both literal and figurative. Here is how total heat Louis Gates, Jr. interprets the Signifying Monkey talesThe signifying monkey invariable repeats to his friend, the Lion, some insult purportedly generated by their mutual friend, the Elephant. The Monkey, however, speaks figuratively. The Lion, indignant and outraged, demands an apology of the Elephant, who refuses and then trounces the Lion. The Lion, realizing that his mistake was to take the Monkey literally, returns to tro unce the Monkey. It is this relationship between the literal and the figurative, and the dire consequences of their confusion, which is the most striking repeated element of these tales. The Monkeys trick depends on the Lions inability to mediate between these two poles of signification, of meaning. (p.55)The Signifying Monkey is an embodiment of the poor mans values and dreams He is weak and only has his speaking skills (slang backtalk) to survive on, and he uses it to play the powers of the jungle against one another. The same way a pimp survives on his mouthpiece by using fast talk, afters talk, jive, and jaw-blockin. The term signifying refers to the playful, humorous indirection or innuendo, the talking around an implied meaning, the ambiguous metaphor, the invective that only works if the opponent lacks humor and responds in a literal fashion. Signifying is an attitude toward language, but it is also a social gambit signifying enables the man and the woman of words to chall enge and criticize without becoming committed to any particular withdraw or meaning for only the response will tell. For instance, if I say, Yo mama so old, her social security number is 1, and you say, Fuck you, man, youve lost, you took what was in the figurative and put it in the literal thus committing yourself to the fact that your mom is old. Now, if you reply, well YO mama so old, when she was in school there was no memorial class, or yo mama so old, when God said let there be light she hit the switch then the signifying can continue.